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English Wikipedia references for Virginia.edu 1-50 of 3574
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| Alchemy Alchemy (Arabic:al-kimia) (Hebrew:al-himia) is both a philosophy and a practice with an aim of achieving ultimate wisdom as well as immortality, involving the improvement of the alchemist as well as the making of several substances described as possessing unusual properties. The practical aspect of alchemy generated the basics of modern inorganic chemistry, namely concerning procedures, equipment and the identification and use of many current substances. Alchemy | |
| Art Art is the process or product of deliberately arranging elements in a way that appeals to the senses or emotions. It encompasses a diverse range of human activities, creations, and modes of expression, including music and literature. The meaning of art is explored in a branch of philosophy known as aesthetics.The definition and evaluation of art has become especially problematic since the early 20th century. Richard Wollheim distinguishes three approachesRealist, whereby aesthetic quality is Art | |
| Afghanistan/Archive 6 Talk:Afghanistan/Archive_6 | |
| Alexander Graham Bell Alexander Graham Bell (3 March 1847 – 2 August 1922) was an eminent scientist, inventor, engineer and innovator who is credited with inventing the first practical telephone.Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. Alexander_Graham_Bell | |
| Agnosticism Agnosticism (; after Gnosticism) is the philosophical view that the truth value of certain claimsmetaphysical claims regarding theology, afterlife or the existence of deities, spiritual-beings, or even ultimate reality unknown or, depending on the form of agnosticism, inherently impossible to prove or disprove. Agnosticism | |
| Afterlife afterlife (also referred to as life after death, the hereafter, or the great unknown) is the concept of a continued existence for the soul, spirit or mind of a being after biological death. Major views on the afterlife derive from religion, esotericism and metaphysics. Afterlife | |
| Astrometry Astrometry is the branch of astronomy that relates to precise measurements and explanations of the positions and movements of stars and other celestial bodies. Although once thought of as an esoteric field with little useful application for the future, the information obtained by astrometric measurements is now very important in contemporary research into the kinematics and physical origin of our Solar System and our Galaxy, the Milky Way. Astrometry | |
| Agrarianism Agrarianism is a social and political philosophy which stresses the viewpoint that a rural or semi-rural lifestyle, most especially agricultural pursuits such as farming or ranching, leads to a fuller, happier, cleaner, and more sustainable way of life for both individuals and society as a whole. Agrarianism | |
| Apollo program The Apollo Program was a human spaceflight program undertaken by NASA during the years 1961–1975 with the goal of conducting manned moon landing missions. In 1961, President John F. Kennedy announced a goal of landing a man on the moon by the end of the decade. Apollo_program | |
| Alamanni The Alamanni, Allemanni, or Alemanni were originally an alliance of Germanic tribes located around the upper Main river (Germany). One of the earliest references to them is the cognomen Alamannicus assumed by Caracalla, who ruled the Roman Empire from 211–17 and claimed thereby to be their defeater. Alamanni | |
| Aspirin Aspirin (USAN), also known as acetylsalicylic acid (, abbreviated ASA), is a salicylate drug, often used as an analgesic to relieve minor aches and pains, as an antipyretic to reduce fever, and as an anti-inflammatory medication.Aspirin also has an antiplatelet, or "anti-coagulate", effect by inhibiting thromboxane prostaglandins, which under normal circumstances bind platelet molecules together to repair damaged blood vessels. Aspirin | |
| Andrew Jackson Andrew Jackson (March 15, 1767June 8, 1845) was the seventh President of the United States (1829military governor of Florida (1821), commander of the American forces at the Battle of New Orleans (1815), and eponym of the era of Jacksonian democracy. A polarizing figure who dominated American politics in the 1820s and 1830s, his political ambition combined with widening political participation, shaping the modern Democratic Party. Andrew_Jackson | |
| Andrew Johnson Andrew Johnson (December 29, 1808 17th President of the United States (1865the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. He was the first U.S. President to be impeached. At the time of the secession of the Southern states, Johnson was a U.S. Senator from Greeneville in eastern Tennessee. Andrew_Johnson | |
| Arabic numerals/Archive 1 Talk:Arabic_numerals/Archive_1 | |
| Allegory Allegory (from Greekallos, "other", and αγορευειν, agoreuein, "to speak in public") is a figurative mode of representation conveying a meaning other than the literal. Fictions with several possible interpretations are not allegories in the true sense. Allegory | |
| Art Deco Art Deco was a popular international art design movement from 1925 until 1939, affecting the decorative arts such as architecture, interior design, and industrial design, as well as the visual arts such as fashion, painting, the graphic arts, and film. At the time, this style was seen as elegant, glamorous, functional, and modern.The movement was a mix of many different styles and movements of the early 20th century, including Neoclassical, Constructivism, Cubism, Modernism, Art Nouveau, and Futurism. Art_Deco | |
| Arkansas Arkansas | |
| Augustine of Hippo Augustine of Hippo ( or Augustine_of_Hippo | |
| Adam Weishaupt Johann Adam Weishaupt (February 6, 1748 in Ingolstadt November 18, 1830 in Gotha) was a German philosopher and founder of the Order of Illuminati, a secret society with origins in Bavaria. Adam_Weishaupt | |
| Astrology Astrology (from Greek , astron, "constellation, star"; and , -logia, "the study of") is a group of systems, traditions, and beliefs which hold that the relative positions of celestial bodies and related details can provide information about personality, human affairs, and other terrestrial matters. Astrology | |
| A Vindication of the Rights of Woman A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), written by the eighteenth-century British feminist Mary Wollstonecraft, is one of the earliest works of feminist philosophy. In it, Wollstonecraft responds to those educational and political theorists of the eighteenth century who did not believe women should have an education. A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman | |
| Alfred Edward Housman Alfred Edward Housman (; 26 March 1859 – 30 April 1936), usually known as A. E. Housman, was an English classical scholar and poet, best known for his cycle of poems A Shropshire Lad. Lyrical and almost epigrammatic in form, the poems were mostly written before 1900. Alfred_Edward_Housman | |
| The Bronx The_Bronx | |
| Belgium Belgium | |
| Bill Clinton William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19, 1946) served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. He was the third-youngest president; only Theodore Roosevelt and John F. Kennedy were younger when entering office. Bill_Clinton | |
| Beowulf Beowulf is an Old English heroic epic poem of unknown authorship, dating as recorded in the Nowell Codex manuscript from between the 8th to the early 11th century, Beowulf | |
| Biochemistry Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living organisms. It deals with the structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules.Although there are a vast number of different biomolecules many are complex and large molecules (called polymers) that are composed of similar repeating subunits (called monomers). Biochemistry | |
| Baroque arts, the Baroque (, bə-) was a Western cultural period, starting roughly at the beginning of the 17th century in Rome, Italy.The popularity and success of the Baroque style was encouraged by the Roman Catholic Church, which had decided at the time of the Council of Trent that the arts should communicate religious themes in direct and emotional involvement. Baroque | |
| Benjamin Franklin Benjamin Franklin ( April 17, 1790) was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America. A noted polymath, Franklin was a leading author and printer, satirist, political theorist, politician, scientist, inventor, civic activist, statesman, and diplomat. Benjamin_Franklin | |
| BASIC computer programming, BASIC (an acronym for Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) is a family of high-level programming languages. The original BASIC was designed in 1964 by John George Kemeny and Thomas Eugene Kurtz at Dartmouth in New Hampshire, USA to provide computer access to non-science students. BASIC | |
| Beauty Beauty is a characteristic of a person, animal, place, object, or idea that provides a perceptual experience of pleasure, meaning, or satisfaction. Beauty is studied as part of aesthetics, sociology, social psychology, and culture. As a cultural creation, beauty has been extremely commercialized. An "ideal beauty" is an entity which is admired, or possesses features widely attributed to beauty in a particular culture. Beauty | |
| Brownian motion This article is about the physical phenomenon; for the stochastic process, see Wiener process. For the sports team, see Brownian Motion (Ultimate). For the mobility model, see Random walk.Brownian motion (named after the Scottish botanist Robert Brown) is the seemingly random movement of particles suspended in a fluid (i.e. a liquid or gas) or the mathematical model used to describe such random movements, often called a particle theory. Brownian_motion | |
| Black Death Black Death was one of the deadliest pandemics in human history, peaking in Europe between 1348 and 1350. It is widely thought to have been caused by a bacterium named Yersinia pestis (Plague). Black_Death | |
| Berkeley, California Berkeley () is a city on the east shore of San Francisco Bay in Northern California, in the United States. Its neighbors to the south are the cities of Oakland and Emeryville. To the north is the city of Albany and the unincorporated community of Kensington. The eastern city limits coincide with the county line (bordering Contra Costa County) which generally follows the ridge line of the Berkeley Hills. Berkeley is located in northern Alameda County. Berkeley,_California | |
| Chemistry Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem), meaning "earth") is the science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions. It is a physical science for studies of various atoms, molecules, crystals and other aggregates of matter whether in isolation or combination, which incorporates the concepts of energy and entropy in relation to the spontaneity of chemical processes. Modern chemistry evolved out of alchemy following the Chemistry | |
| Constitution A constitution is set of rules for government—often codified as a written document—that establishes principles of an autonomous political entity. In the case of countries, this term refers specifically to a national constitution defining the fundamental political principles, and establishing the structure, procedures, powers and duties, of a government. Constitution | |
| Consolation of Philosophy Consolation of Philosophy () is a philosophical work by Boethius, written in about the year AD 524. It has been described as the single most important and influential work in the West on Medieval and early Renaissance Christianity, and is also the last great Western work that can be called Classical. Consolation_of_Philosophy | |
| City A city is a relatively large and permanent settlement, particularly a large urban settlement. Although there are no agreed definitions distinguishing a city from a town, many cities have a particular administrative, legal, or historical status - for example, historically in Europe an urban settlement with a cathedral, in the United Kingdom and parts of the Commonwealth a settlement with a royal charter. City | |
| Consciousness Consciousness is often used colloquially to describe being awake and aware—responsive to the environment, in contrast to being asleep or in a coma. In philosophical and scientific discussion, however, the term is restricted to the specific way in which humans are mentally aware in such a way that they distinguish clearly between themselves (the thing being aware) and all other things and events. This "self-awareness" may involve thoughts, sensations, perceptions, moods, emotions, and dreams. Consciousness | |
| Casuistry Casuistry () is an applied ethics term referring to case-based reasoning. Casuistry is used in juridical and ethical discussions of law and ethics, and often is a critique of principle or rule-based reasoning.Critics use the term pejoratively for the use of clever but unsound reasoning, especially in relation to moral questions (see sophistry). Casuistry is reasoning used to resolve moral problems by applying theoretical rules to particular instances. Casuistry | |
| Calvin Coolidge John Calvin Coolidge, Jr. (July 4, 1872 January 5, 1933) was the 30th President of the United States (1923Republican lawyer from Vermont, Coolidge worked his way up the ladder of Massachusetts state politics, eventually becoming governor of that state. His actions during the Boston Police Strike of 1919 thrust him into the national spotlight. Calvin_Coolidge | |
| Casuistry Talk:Casuistry | |
| Charles Farrar Browne See also Artemas Ward (disambiguation) Charles Farrar Browne, (April 26, 1834March 6, 1867) was a United States humor writer, better known under his nom de plume, Artemus Ward. At birth, his surname was "Brown." He added the "e" after he became famous. Waterford, Maine. Charles_Farrar_Browne | |
| Conservatism Conservatism is a political and social term from the Latin verb conservare meaning to save or preserve. As the name suggests it usually indicates support for tradition and traditional values though the meaning has changed in different countries and time periods. Conservatism | |
| Coca-Cola Coca-Cola is a carbonated soft drink sold in stores, restaurants and vending machines worldwide. The Coca-Cola Company claims that the beverage is sold in more than 200 countries. It is produced by The Coca-Cola Company in Atlanta, Georgia, and is often referred to simply as Coke or (in European and American countries) as cola, pop, or in some parts of the U.S., Coca-Cola | |
| Garbage collection (computer science) In computer science, garbage collection (GC) is a form of automatic memory management. The garbage collector, or just collector, attempts to reclaim garbage, or memory used by objects that are no longer in use by the application. Garbage collection was invented by John McCarthy around 1959 to solve the problems of manual memory management in Lisp.Garbage collection is often portrayed as the opposite of manual memory management, which requires the programmer to specify which objects to deallocate and return to the memory system. Garbage_collection_(computer_science) | |
| Clarence Thomas Clarence Thomas (born June 23, 1948) is an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, having served since 1991. Justice Thomas is the second African American to serve on the nation's highest court, after Justice Thurgood Marshall whom he succeeded.Thomas grew up in Georgia, and graduated from college and law school in New England. Clarence_Thomas | |
| Confederate States of America The Confederate States of America (also called the Confederacy, the Confederate States, and the CSA) formed as the government set up from 1861 to 1865 by eleven southern slave states of the United States of America, each of which had previously declared their secession from the United States. The CSA's de facto control over its claimed territory varied during the course of the American Civil War, depending on the success of its military. Confederate_States_of_America | |
| Choctaw The Choctaw are a Native American people originally from the Southeastern United States (Mississippi, Alabama, and Louisiana). They are of the Muskogean linguistic group. The word Choctaw (alternatively spelt as Chahta, Chactas, Chato, Tchakta, and Chocktaw) may derive from the Castilian word chato, meaning flat; however, noted anthropologist John Swanton suggested that the name was derived from a Choctaw leader. Choctaw | |
| Christian views of marriage Christians typically regard marriage as instituted and ordained by God (Genesis 2 and 3) for the lifelong relationship between one man as husband and one woman as wife. In the New Testament marriage is thought of as normal and proper. It is to be "held in honor among all" ().Civil laws recognize marriage as having social and political status. Christian_views_of_marriage |
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