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English Wikipedia references for Upenn.edu 1-50 of 5190
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| Afghanistan Afghanistan | |
| Attila the Hun Attila (406Attila the Hun, was the Emperor of the Huns from 434 until his death in 453. He was leader of the Hunnic Empire which stretched from Germany to the Ural River and from the River Danube to the Baltic Sea (see map below). During his rule, he was one of the most fearsome of the Western and Eastern Roman Empires' enemiesBalkans twice and marched through Gaul (modern France) as far as Orleans before being defeated at the Battle of Chalons. Attila_the_Hun | |
| Artificial intelligence Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science which aims to create it. Major AI textbooks define the field as "the study and design of intelligent agents," John McCarthy, who coined the term in 1956,The field was founded on the claim that a central property of human beings, intelligence—the sapience of Homo sapiens—can be so precisely described that it can be simulated by a machine. Artificial_intelligence | |
| American (word) American in the English language varies, according to the historic, geographic, and political context in which it is used. It derives from America, a term originally denoting all of the New World (also called "the Americas"). It retains this Pan-American sense, but its usage evolved over time, and due to various historical reasons the word came to denote people or things specifically from the United States of America. American_(word) | |
| Arianism Arianism is the theological teaching of Arius (ca. AD 250–336), a Christian priest, who was first ruled a heretic at the First Council of Nicea of 325, later exonerated at the Council of Jerusalem of 335, and then pronounced a heretic again after his death. Arianism | |
| Alcidamas Alcidamas, of Elaea, in Aeolis, Greek sophist and rhetorician, flourished in the 4th century BC.He was the pupil and successor of Gorgias and taught at Athens at the same time as Isocrates, whose rival and opponent he was. We possess two declamations under his nameOn Sophists, directed against Isocrates and setting forth the superiority of extempore over written speeches (a more recently discovered fragment of another speech against Isocrates is probably of later date); Odysseus, in which Odysseus accuses Palamedes of treachery during the siege of Troy (this is generally considered spurious). Alcidamas | |
| Abu Bakr Abu Bakr As-Siddiq (Abdallah ibn Abi Quhafa) (, c. 573 CE – 23 August 634/13 AH) was an early person to convert to Islam and a senior companion (Sahaba) of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Throughout his life, according to Sunni Muslims Abu Bakr remained a friend and confidante of Muhammad. Abu_Bakr | |
| Apuleius Lucius Apuleius Platonicus (c. 123/125 – c. 180) was a Latin prose writer remembered most for his bawdy picaresque novel, the Metamorphoses, otherwise known as The Golden Ass (Asinus Aureus). Apuleius was a Romanized Berber who described himself as "half-Numidian half-Gaetulian." Apuleius | |
| Approval voting Approval voting is a single-winner voting system used for elections. Each voter may vote for (approve of) as many of the candidates as they wish. The winner is the candidate receiving the most votes. Each voter may vote for any combination of candidates and may give each candidate at most one vote.Approval voting is a form of range voting with the range restricted to two values, 0 and 1. Approval_voting | |
| American English American English (variously abbreviated AmE, AE, AmEng, USEng, en-US), also known as United States English or U.S. English, is a set of dialects of the English language used mostly in the United States. Approximately two thirds of native speakers of English live in the United States. American_English | |
| Arianism Talk:Arianism | |
| Andrew Carnegie Andrew Carnegie (properly , but commonly or ) (25 November 1835 – 11 August 1919) was a Scottish-born American industrialist, businessman, and a major philanthropist. He was an immigrant as a child with his parents. He built Pittsburgh's Carnegie Steel Company, which was later merged with Elbert H. Andrew_Carnegie | |
| American and British English differences American English and British English, which, for the purposes of these articles, are defined as follows American English (AmE) is the form of English used in the United States. It includes all English dialects used within the United States of America. British English (BrE) is the form of English used in the United Kingdom. It includes all English dialects used within the United Kingdom. American_and_British_English_differences | |
| Augustine of Hippo Augustine of Hippo ( or Augustine_of_Hippo | |
| Atlantis Atlantis (in Greek, , "daughter of Atlas") is a legendary island first mentioned in Plato's dialogues Timaeus and Critias.In Plato's account, Atlantis was a naval power lying "in front of the Pillars of Hercules" that conquered many parts of Western Europe and Africa 9,000 years before the time of Solon, or approximately 9600 BC. After a failed attempt to invade Athens, Atlantis sank into the ocean "in a single day and night of misfortune". Atlantis | |
| Arthur Miller Arthur Asher Miller (October 17, 1915 Arthur_Miller | |
| Automated theorem proving Automated theorem proving (ATP) or automated deduction, currently the most well-developed subfield of automated reasoning (AR), is the proving of mathematical theorems by a computer program. Automated_theorem_proving | |
| Arthur Jensen Arthur Jensen (born August 24 1923) is a Professor Emeritus of educational psychology at the University of California, Berkeley. Jensen is known for his work in psychometrics and differential psychology, which is concerned with how and why individuals differ behaviorally from one another. Arthur_Jensen | |
| Beer Beer is the world's oldest and most widely consumed alcoholic beverage and the third most popular drink overall after water and tea. It is produced by the brewing and fermentation of starches, mainly derived from cereal grains—the most common of which is malted barley, although wheat, maize (corn), and rice are widely used. Most beer is flavoured with hops, which add bitterness and act as a natural preservative, though other flavourings such as herbs or fruit may occasionally be included. Beer | |
| Black Sea Black_Sea | |
| Basque language Basque (native name:Euskara) is the language spoken by the Basque people who inhabit the Basque Country, a region spanning an area in north-eastern Spain and south-western France.It is spoken by approximately a third of the Basques, with its stronghold in the contiguous area from central Biscay through Gipuzkoa, northern Navarre and parts of Labourd to sparsely populated Lower Navarre and Soule. Basque_language | |
| Benjamin Franklin Benjamin Franklin ( April 17, 1790) was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America. A noted polymath, Franklin was a leading author and printer, satirist, political theorist, politician, scientist, inventor, civic activist, statesman, and diplomat. Benjamin_Franklin | |
| Bertrand Russell Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, OM, FRS (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970), was a British philosopher, logician, mathematician, historian, social reformer, and pacifist. Although he spent the majority of his life in England, he was born in Wales, where he also died.Russell led the British "revolt against Idealism" in the early 1900s and is considered one of the founders of analytic philosophy along with his protégé Wittgenstein and his elder Frege. Bertrand_Russell | |
| Book of Daniel The Book of Daniel (דניאל) is a book in both the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) and the Christian Old Testament. Originally written in Hebrew and Aramaic, it is set during the Babylonian Captivity, a period when Jews were deported and exiled to Babylon following the Siege of Jerusalem of 597 BC. The book revolves around the figure of Daniel, an Israelite who becomes an adviser to Nebuchadnezzar, the ruler of Babylon from 605 to 562 BC. Book_of_Daniel | |
| Book of Job The Book of Job (HebrewHebrew Bible. It relates the story of Job, his trials at the hands of Satan, his theological discussions with friends on the origins and nature of his suffering, and finally a response from God. The Book itself comprises a didactic poem set in a prose framing device and has been called “the most profound and literary work of the entire Old Testament”. Book_of_Job | |
| Brownian motion This article is about the physical phenomenon; for the stochastic process, see Wiener process. For the sports team, see Brownian Motion (Ultimate). For the mobility model, see Random walk.Brownian motion (named after the Scottish botanist Robert Brown) is the seemingly random movement of particles suspended in a fluid (i.e. a liquid or gas) or the mathematical model used to describe such random movements, often called a particle theory. Brownian_motion | |
| Beatrix Potter Helen Beatrix Potter (28 July 1866 – 22 December 1943) was an English author, illustrator, mycologist and conservationist who was best known for her many best-selling children's books that featured animal characters, such as Peter Rabbit.Born into a privileged household, Potter was educated by governesses and grew up isolated from other children. Beatrix_Potter | |
| Bronze Age Bronze Age is, with respect to a given prehistoric society, the period in that society when the most advanced metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use) included smelting copper and tin from naturally-occurring outcroppings of copper and tin ores, creating a bronze alloy by melting those metals together, and casting them into bronze artifacts. The Bronze Age also included the domestication of the horse. Bronze_Age | |
| Black people The term black people usually refers to a racial group of humans with a dark brown skin color, but it has also been used to categorise a number of diverse populations into one common group. Some definitions of the term include only people of relatively recent Sub Saharan African descent (see African diaspora). Black_people | |
| Business ethics Business ethics is a form of applied ethics that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that arise in a business environment. It applies to all aspects of business conduct and is relevant to the conduct of individuals and business organizations as a whole. Applied ethics is a field of ethics that deals with ethical questions in many fields such as medical, technical, legal and business ethics. Business_ethics | |
| Celtic music Celtic music is a term utilised by artists, record companies, music stores and music magazines to describe a broad grouping of musical genres that evolved out of the folk musical traditions of the Celtic peoples of Western Europe. As such there is no real body of music which can be accurately be described as Celtic, but the term has stuck and may refer to both orally-transmitted traditional music and recorded popular music. Celtic_music | |
| Consolation of Philosophy Consolation of Philosophy () is a philosophical work by Boethius, written in about the year AD 524. It has been described as the single most important and influential work in the West on Medieval and early Renaissance Christianity, and is also the last great Western work that can be called Classical. Consolation_of_Philosophy | |
| Codex codex (Latin for block of wood, book; plural codices) is a book in the format used for modern books, with separate pages normally bound together and given a cover. It was a Roman invention that replaced the scroll, which was the first form of book in all Eurasian cultures.Although technically any modern paperback is a codex, the term is now used only for manuscript (hand-written) books, produced from Late Antiquity through the Middle Ages. Codex | |
| Celtic music Talk:Celtic_music | |
| Confucius Confucius (), lit. "Master Kong," (traditionally September 28, 551 BC – 479 BC) was a Chinese thinker and social philosopher, whose teachings and philosophy have deeply influenced Chinese, Korean, Japanese, Taiwanese and Vietnamese thought and life.His philosophy emphasized personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice and sincerity. Confucius | |
| Copenhagen interpretation The Copenhagen interpretation is an interpretation of quantum mechanics. A key feature of quantum mechanics is that the state of every particle is described by a wavefunction, which is a mathematical representation used to calculate the probability for it to be found in a location or a state of motion. Copenhagen_interpretation | |
| Category theory mathematics, category theory deals in an abstract way with mathematical structures and relationships between themsets and functions to objects linked in diagrams by morphisms or arrows. One of the simplest examples of a category (which is a very important concept in topology) is that of groupoid, defined as a category whose arrows or morphisms are all invertible.Categories now appear in most branches of mathematics and also in some areas of theoretical computer science where they correspond to types and mathematical physics where they can be used to describe vector spaces. Category_theory | |
| Chloramphenicol Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae, isolated by David Gottlieb, and introduced into clinical practice in 1949.It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. Chloramphenicol | |
| Classical liberalism Classical liberalism (also known as traditional liberalism, laissez-faire liberalism, and market liberalism or, outside Canada and the United States, sometimes simply liberalism) is a form of liberalism stressing individual freedom, free markets, and limited government. Classical_liberalism | |
| Corinth Corinth, or Korinth (Greek Κόρινθος, Kórinthos Greece. In antiquity it was a city-state, on the Isthmus of Corinth, the narrow stretch of land that joins the Peloponnesus to the mainland of Greece. To the west of the isthmus lies the Gulf of Corinth, to the east lies the Saronic Gulf. Corinth is about southwest of Athens. The isthmus, which was in ancient times traversed by hauling ships over the rocky ridge on sledges, is now cut by a canal. Corinth | |
| Chocolate Chocolate (pronounced or /-ˈələt/) comprises a number of raw and processed foods that are produced from the seed of the tropical cacao tree. Native to lowland, tropical South America, cacao has been cultivated for at least three millennia in Central America and Mexico, with its earliest documented use around 1100 BC. Chocolate | |
| Circumcision and law There is a dispute over whether this article relates to male circumcision only or to both male and female circumcision. Discussion is here.There have been laws about circumcision dating back to ancient times. In a number of modern states, circumcision of males is presumed to be legal, but under certain circumstances, more general laws, such as laws about assault or child custody, may sometimes be interpreted as applying to situations involving male circumcision. Circumcision_and_law | |
| Computational complexity theory Computational complexity theory is a branch of the theory of computation in computer science that investigates the problems related to the resources required to run algorithms, and the inherent difficulty in providing algorithms that are efficient for both general and specific computational problems. Computational_complexity_theory | |
| David Hume David Hume (7 May 1711 Scottish philosopher, economist, historian and a key figure in the history of Western philosophy and the Scottish Enlightenment. Hume is often grouped with John Locke, George Berkeley, and a handful of others as a British Empiricist.During Hume's lifetime, he was more famous as a historian; his six-volume History of England was a bestseller well into the nineteenth century and the standard work on English history for many years --while his works in philosophy for which he owes current reputation was mostly unknown during his day. David_Hume | |
| Military of the Democratic Republic of the Congo The Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of Congo () is the state military organisation responsible for defending the Democratic Republic of Congo. The FARDC is being rebuilt as part of the peace process which followed the end of the Second Congo War in July 2003. Military_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo | |
| Dominican Republic Dominican_Republic | |
| Don Quixote (; , see spelling and pronunciation below), fully titled ("The Ingenious Hidalgo Don Quixote of La Mancha") is a novel written by Spanish author Miguel de Cervantes. Cervantes created a fictional origin for the story based upon a manuscript by the invented Moorish historian, Cide Hamete Benengeli. Don_Quixote | |
| Dada Dada or Dadaism is a cultural movement that began in Zürich, Switzerland, during World War I and peaked from 1916 to 1922. The movement primarily involved visual arts, literature—poetry, art manifestoes, art theory—theatre, and graphic design, and concentrated its anti-war politics through a rejection of the prevailing standards in art through anti-art cultural works.Dada activities included public gatherings, demonstrations, and publication of art/literary journals; passionate coverage of art, politics, and culture were topics often discussed in a variety of media. Dada | |
| Greek drachma Drachma, pl. drachmas or drachmae (δραχμή, pl. δραχμές or δραχμαί (until 1982)) is the name of the currency used in Greece during several periods in its history An ancient currency unit found in many Greek city states and successor states, and in many South-West Asian kingdoms of the Hellenistic era. Greek_drachma | |
| Denarius The Roman currency system included the 'denarius' (pluraldenarii) after 211 BC, a small silver coin, and it was the most common coin produced for circulation but was slowly debased until its replacement by the antoninianus. Denarius |
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