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English Wikipedia references for Stanford.edu 1-50 of 8415
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| Anarchism Anarchism is a political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which consider the state, as compulsory government, to be unnecessary, harmful, and/or undesirable, and promote the elimination of the state or anarchy. Specific anarchists may have additional criteria for what constitutes anarchism, and they often disagree with each other on what these criteria are. Anarchism | |
| Aristotle Aristotle (, Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC) was a Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. He wrote on many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, politics, government, ethics, biology and zoology.Together with Plato and Socrates (Plato's teacher), Aristotle is one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy. Aristotle | |
| Altruism Altruism (from welfare of others or the public interest. Altruism | |
| Algeria Talk:Algeria | |
| Anthropology Anthropology (, from the Greek , anthrōpos, "human", and -λογία, -logia, "discourse", first use in Englishhuman beings, everywhere and throughout time. Modern human beings are defined as members of the species Homo sapiens, which arose in Africa around 200,000BP (Before Present) (see Omo remains). Anthropology | |
| Arthur Schopenhauer Arthur Schopenhauer (February 22, 1788–September 21, 1860) German philosopher known for his atheistic pessimism and philosophical clarity. At age 25, he published his doctoral dissertation, On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason, which examined the fundamental question of whether reason alone can unlock answers about the world. Arthur_Schopenhauer | |
| Art Art is the process or product of deliberately arranging elements in a way that appeals to the senses or emotions. It encompasses a diverse range of human activities, creations, and modes of expression, including music and literature. The meaning of art is explored in a branch of philosophy known as aesthetics.The definition and evaluation of art has become especially problematic since the early 20th century. Richard Wollheim distinguishes three approachesRealist, whereby aesthetic quality is Art | |
| Anime Anime | |
| Axiom of choice In mathematics, the axiom of choice, or AC, is an axiom of set theory. Informally put, the axiom of choice says that given any collection of bins, each containing at least one object, it is possible to make a selection of exactly one object from each bin, even if there are infinitely many bins and there is no "rule" for which object to pick from each. The axiom of choice is not required if the number of bins is finite or if such a selection "rule" is available. Axiom_of_choice | |
| Agnosticism Agnosticism (; after Gnosticism) is the philosophical view that the truth value of certain claimsmetaphysical claims regarding theology, afterlife or the existence of deities, spiritual-beings, or even ultimate reality unknown or, depending on the form of agnosticism, inherently impossible to prove or disprove. Agnosticism | |
| Atom Atom | |
| Addiction addiction" is used in many contexts to describe an obsession, compulsion, or excessive psychological dependence, such asdrug addiction (e.g. alcoholism), video game addiction, crime, money, work addiction, compulsive overeating, problem gambling, computer addiction, nicotine addiction, pornography addiction, plastic surgery addiction, etc.In medical terminology, an addiction is a state in which the body depends on a substance for normal functioning and may occur along with physical dependence, as in drug addiction. Addiction | |
| Allen Ginsberg Irwin Allen Ginsberg (; June 3, 1926 American poet. Ginsberg is best known for the poem "Howl" (1956), celebrating his friends who were members of the Beat Generation and attacking what he saw as the destructive forces of materialism and conformity in the United States. Allen_Ginsberg | |
| Algorithms for calculating variance It turns out that a more suitable quantity for updating is the sum of squares of differences from the (current) mean, , here denoted : Algorithms_for_calculating_variance | |
| Artificial intelligence Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science which aims to create it. Major AI textbooks define the field as "the study and design of intelligent agents," John McCarthy, who coined the term in 1956,The field was founded on the claim that a central property of human beings, intelligence—the sapience of Homo sapiens—can be so precisely described that it can be simulated by a machine. Artificial_intelligence | |
| Afterlife afterlife (also referred to as life after death, the hereafter, or the great unknown) is the concept of a continued existence for the soul, spirit or mind of a being after biological death. Major views on the afterlife derive from religion, esotericism and metaphysics. Afterlife | |
| Alan Turing Alan Mathison Turing, OBE, FRS () (23 June, 1912 mathematician, logician, cryptanalyst and computer scientist.Turing is often considered to be the father of modern computer science. He provided an influential formalisation of the concept of the algorithm and computation with the Turing machine. Of his role in the modern computer, Time Magazine in naming Turing one of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century, states Alan_Turing | |
| Analytical engine analytical engine, an important step in the history of computers, was the design of a mechanical general-purpose computer by the British mathematician Charles Babbage. It was first described in 1837, but Babbage continued to work on the design until his death in 1871. Because of financial, political, and legal issues, the engine was never built. In its logical design the machine was essentially modern, anticipating the first completed general-purpose computers by about 100 Analytical_engine | |
| Antimatter In particle physics, antimatter is the extension of the concept of the antiparticle to matter, where antimatter is composed of antiparticles in the same way that normal matter is composed of particles. For example, an antielectron (a positron, an electron with a positive charge) and an antiproton (a proton with a negative charge) could form an antihydrogen atom in the same way that an electron and a proton form a normal matter hydrogen atom. Antimatter | |
| APL (programming language) APL (A Programming Language) is an array programming language based on a notation invented in 1957 by Kenneth E. Iverson while at Harvard University. It originated as an attempt to provide consistent notation for the teaching and analysis of topics related to the application of computers. APL_(programming_language) | |
| Albertus Magnus Saint Albertus Magnus, O.P. (1193/1206 - November 15, 1280), also known as Saint Albert the Great and Albert of Cologne, was a Dominican friar and bishop who achieved fame for his comprehensive knowledge of and advocacy for the peaceful coexistence of science and religion. Albertus_Magnus | |
| Alexander of Aphrodisias Alexander of Aphrodisias was the most celebrated of the Ancient Greek commentators on the writings of Aristotle. He was styled, by way of pre-eminence, "the expositor" (). Alexander_of_Aphrodisias | |
| Aquaculture Aquaculture is the farming of freshwater and saltwater organisms including molluscs, crustaceans and aquatic plants. Unlike fishing, aquaculture, also known as aquafarming, implies the cultivation of aquatic populations under controlled conditions. Mariculture refers to aquaculture practiced in marine environments. Aquaculture | |
| Alhazen Alhazen | |
| Ammonius Hermiae Ammonius Hermiae (c. 440-c. 520) was a Greek philosopher, and the son of the Neoplatonist philosophers Hermias and Aedesia. He was a pupil of Proclus in Athens, and taught at Alexandria for most of his life, writing commentaries on Plato, Aristotle, and other philosophers. Ammonius_Hermiae | |
| Anaxagoras Anaxagoras (, "lord of the assembly", c. 500 BC Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher famous for introducing the cosmological concept of Nous (mind), the ordering force, i.e., that there were rational laws of nature. Anaxagoras | |
| Andaman Islands Andaman Islands (Hindi:archipelagic islands in the Bay of Bengal, and are part of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands Union Territory of India. Port Blair is the chief community on the islands, and the administrative centre of the Union Territory. The Andaman Islands form a single administrative district within the Union Territory, the Andaman district (the Nicobar district was separated and established as a new district in 1974). The population of the Andamans was 314,084 in 2001. Andaman_Islands | |
| Adam Smith Adam Smith (baptised 16 June 1723Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economy. One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment, Smith is the author of The Theory of Moral Sentiments and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. The latter, usually abbreviated as The Wealth of Nations, is considered his magnum opus and the first modern work of economics. Adam Smith is widely cited as the father of modern economics. Adam_Smith | |
| Apollo 14 Apollo 14 was the eighth manned mission in the Apollo program and the third mission to land on the Moon. The nine-day mission was launched on January 31, 1971, with lunar touch down on February 5. The Lunar Module landed in the Fra Mauro formation; this had originally been the target of the ill-fated Apollo 13 mission. Apollo_14 | |
| Apollo 16 Apollo 16 was the tenth manned mission in the Apollo program, the fifth mission to land on the Moon and the first to land in the highlands area. The mission was launched on April 16, 1972, and concluded on April 27. It was a J-class mission, featuring a Lunar Rover and it brought back 94.7EVA:The Apollo 16 subsatellite was launched from the CSM while it was in lunar orbit. The subsatellite carried out experiments on magnetic fields and solar particles. It was launched April 24, 1972 at 21 Apollo_16 | |
| Argument from morality argument from morality is one of several arguments for the existence of God. This argument comes in different forms, all aiming to demonstrate God’s existence from some observations about morality in the world. Argument_from_morality | |
| Alfred Jules Ayer Sir Alfred Jules Ayer (29 October 1910 – 27 June 1989), better known as A. J. Ayer or "Freddie" to friends, was a British philosopher known for his promotion of logical positivism, particularly in his books Language, Truth and Logic (1936) and The Problem of Knowledge (1956).Ayer was the Grote Professor of the Philosophy of Mind and Logic at University College London from 1946 until 1959, when he became Wykeham Professor of Logic at the University of Oxford. Alfred_Jules_Ayer | |
| Augustine of Hippo Augustine of Hippo ( or Augustine_of_Hippo | |
| Aeronautics Aeronautics (from Greek aero which means air or sky and nautis which means sailor, i.e. sailor of the air or sky) is the science involved with the study, design, and manufacture of flight-capable machines, or the techniques of operating aircraft. While the term—literally meaning "sailing the air"—originally referred solely to the science of operating the aircraft, it has since been expanded to include technology, business and other aspects related to aircraft. Aeronautics | |
| AVL tree In computer science, an AVL tree is a self-balancing binary search tree, and it is the first such data structure to be invented. In an AVL tree, the heights of the two child subtrees of any node differ by at most one; therefore, it is also said to be height-balanced. AVL_tree | |
| Aesthetics Aesthetics (also spelled æsthetics) is commonly known as the study of sensory or sensori-emotional values, sometimes called judgments of sentiment and taste. More broadly, scholars in the field define aesthetics as "critical reflection on art, culture and nature." Aesthetics is a subdiscipline of axiology, a branch of philosophy, and is closely associated with the philosophy of art. Aesthetics studies new ways of seeing and of perceiving the world. Aesthetics | |
| Anti-realism In philosophy, the term anti-realism is used to describe any objective reality of entities of a certain type or the denial that verification-transcendent statements about a type of entity are either true or false. This latter construal is sometimes expressed by saying "there is no fact of the matter as to whether or not P." Anti-realism | |
| Ad hominem An ad hominem argument, also known as argumentum ad hominem (Latin:evidence against the claim.The process of proving or disproving the claim is thereby subverted, and the argumentum ad hominem works to change the subject. Ad_hominem | |
| Conservation-restoration Conservation-restoration, also referred to as Conservation, is a profession devoted to the preservation of cultural heritage for the future. Conservation activities include examination, documentation, treatment, and preventive care. All of this work is supported by research and education. Conservation-restoration | |
| Amphetamine Amphetamine (amfetamine (INN)) is a psychostimulant drug that is known to produce increased wakefulness and focus in association with decreased fatigue and appetite. Amphetamine is related to drugs such as methamphetamine and dextroamphetamine, which are a group of potent drugs that act by increasing levels of norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine in the brain, inducing euphoria. Amphetamine | |
| Automated theorem proving Automated theorem proving (ATP) or automated deduction, currently the most well-developed subfield of automated reasoning (AR), is the proving of mathematical theorems by a computer program. Automated_theorem_proving | |
| Ant Ants are social insects of the family Formicidae (), and along with the related wasps and bees, they belong to the order Hymenoptera. Ants evolved from wasp-like ancestors in the mid-Cretaceous period between 110 and 130diversified after the rise of flowering plants. Today, more than 12,000 species are classified with upper estimates of about 14,000 species. They are easily identified by their elbowed antennae and a distinctive node-like structure that forms a slender waist. Ant | |
| Affection Affection a "disposition or state of mind or body" that is often associated with a feeling or type of love. It has given rise to a number of branches of meaning concerningAffect (psychology). Affection | |
| Arthur Schopenhauer Talk:Arthur_Schopenhauer | |
| Acrylic paint Acrylic paint is fast-drying paint containing pigment suspended in an acrylic polymer emulsion. Acrylic paints can be diluted with water, but become water-resistant when dry. Depending on how much the paint is diluted (with water) or modified with acrylic gels, mediums, or pastes, the finished acrylic painting can resemble a watercolor or an oil painting, or have its own unique characteristics not attainable with other media. Acrylic_paint | |
| Atomic theory This article focuses on the historical models of the atom. For a history of the study of how atoms combine to form molecules, see History of the molecule.In chemistry and physics, atomic theory is a theory of the nature of matter, which states that matter is composed of discrete units called atoms, as opposed to the obsolete notion that matter could be divided into any arbitrarily small quantity. Atomic_theory | |
| Artificial intelligence Talk:Artificial_intelligence | |
| And did those feet in ancient time "And did those feet in ancient time" is a short poem by William Blake from the preface to his epic Milton: a Poem. The date on the title page of 1804 for Milton is probably when the plates were begun but the poem was printed c. 1808.. Today it is best known as the hymn "Jerusalem," with music written by Sir Hubert Parry in 1916. The poem was inspired by the apocryphal story that a young Jesus, accompanied by his uncle Joseph of Arimathea, travelled to the area that is now England and visited Glastonbury. And_did_those_feet_in_ancient_time | |
| Abstraction Abstraction is the process or result of generalization by reducing the information content of a concept or an observable phenomenon, typically in order to retain only information which is relevant for a particular purpose. For example, abstracting a leather soccer ball to a ball retains only the information on general ball attributes and behaviour. Abstraction | |
| Baruch Spinoza Baruch or Benedict de Spinoza (, , ) (November 24, 1632 – February 21, 1677) was a Dutch philosopher of Portuguese Jewish origin. Revealing considerable scientific aptitude, the breadth and importance of Spinoza's work was not fully realized until years after his death. Baruch_Spinoza |
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