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Ayn Rand
Ayn_Rand
Afghanistan
Afghanistan
Axiom of choice
In mathematics, the axiom of choice, or AC, is an axiom of set theory. Informally put, the axiom of choice says that given any collection of bins, each containing at least one object, it is possible to make a selection of exactly one object from each bin, even if there are infinitely many bins and there is no "rule" for which object to pick from each. The axiom of choice is not required if the number of bins is finite or if such a selection "rule" is available.
Axiom_of_choice
Alan Kay
Alan Curtis Kay (born May 17, 1940) is an American computer scientist, known for his early pioneering work on object-oriented programming and windowing graphical user interface design.He is the president of the Viewpoints Research Institute, and an Adjunct Professor of Computer Science at the University of California, Los Angeles.
Alan_Kay
Archimedes
Archimedes of Syracuse (Greek:c. 287c. 212Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor, and astronomer. Although few details of his life are known, he is regarded as one of the leading scientists in classical antiquity. Among his advances in physics are the foundations of hydrostatics, statics and the explanation of the principle of the lever.
Archimedes
Approval voting
Approval voting is a single-winner voting system used for elections. Each voter may vote for (approve of) as many of the candidates as they wish. The winner is the candidate receiving the most votes. Each voter may vote for any combination of candidates and may give each candidate at most one vote.Approval voting is a form of range voting with the range restricted to two values, 0 and 1.
Approval_voting
Automated theorem proving
Automated theorem proving (ATP) or automated deduction, currently the most well-developed subfield of automated reasoning (AR), is the proving of mathematical theorems by a computer program.
Automated_theorem_proving
The Bronx
The_Bronx
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia_and_Herzegovina
Politics of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Politics of Bosnia and Herzegovina takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic republic, whereby the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina is the head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government.
Politics_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina
Breast
The breast is the upper ventral region of an animal’s torso, particularly that of mammals, including human beings. The breasts of a female primate’s body contain the mammary glands, which secrete milk used to feed infants.Both men and women develop breasts from the same embryological tissues. However, at puberty female sex hormones, mainly estrogens, promote breast development, which does not happen with men. As a result women's breasts become more prominent than men's.
Breast
Black Death
Black Death was one of the deadliest pandemics in human history, peaking in Europe between 1348 and 1350. It is widely thought to have been caused by a bacterium named Yersinia pestis (Plague).
Black_Death
Boolean satisfiability problem
Satisfiability is the problem of determining if the variables of a given Boolean formula can be assigned in such a way as to make the formulaBoolean propositional satisfiability. The shorthand "SAT" is also commonly used
Boolean_satisfiability_problem
Bernoulli number
mathematics, the Bernoulli numbers are a sequence of rational numbers with deep connections to number theory. They are closely related to the values of the Riemann zeta function at negative integers.In Europe, they were first studied by Jakob Bernoulli, after whom they were named by Abraham de Moivre.
Bernoulli_number
Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovakia (Československo; from 1990 ) was a sovereign state in Central Europe that existed from October 1918, when it declared its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, until 1992. From 1939 to 1945 the state did not have a de facto existence, due to its forced division and partial incorporation into Nazi Germany, but the Czech government-in-exile nevertheless continued to exist during this time period.
Czechoslovakia
Lewis Carroll
Charles Lutwidge Dodgson () (27 January 1832 pen name Lewis Carroll (), was an English author, mathematician, logician, Anglican deacon and photographer.His most famous writings are Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and its sequel Through the Looking-Glass as well as the poems "The Hunting of the Snark" and "Jabberwocky", all considered to be within the genre of literary nonsense.
Lewis_Carroll
Condom
A condom is a barrier device most commonly used during sexual intercourse to reduce the likelihood of pregnancy and spreading sexually transmitted diseases (STDs—such as gonorrhea, syphilis, and HIV). It is put on a man's erect penis and physically blocks ejaculated semen from entering the body of a sexual partner.
Condom
Consciousness
Consciousness is often used colloquially to describe being awake and aware—responsive to the environment, in contrast to being asleep or in a coma. In philosophical and scientific discussion, however, the term is restricted to the specific way in which humans are mentally aware in such a way that they distinguish clearly between themselves (the thing being aware) and all other things and events. This "self-awareness" may involve thoughts, sensations, perceptions, moods, emotions, and dreams.
Consciousness
Chinese room
Chinese Room argument comprises a thought experiment and associated arguments by John Searle (1980), which attempts to show that a symbol-processing machine like a computer can never be properly described as having a "mind" or "understanding", regardless of how intelligently it may behave.
Chinese_room
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and some viruses. The main role of DNA molecules is the long-term storage of information. DNA is often compared to a set of blueprints or a recipe, or a code, since it contains the instructions needed to construct other components of cells, such as proteins and RNA molecules.
DNA
Diamond
Diamond
Determinant
algebra, a determinant is a function depending on n that associates a scalar, det(A), to an n×n square matrix A. The fundamental geometric meaning of a determinant is a scale factor for measure when A is regarded as a linear transformation. Determinants are important both in calculus, where they enter the substitution rule for several variables, and in multilinear algebra.For a fixed nonnegative integer n, there is a unique determinant function for the n×n matrices over any commutative ring R.
Determinant
Dubbing (filmmaking)
In filmmaking, dubbing or looping is the process of recording or replacing voices for a motion picture. The term most commonly refers to voices recorded that do not belong to the original actors and speak in a different language from the one in which the actor is speaking.
Dubbing_(filmmaking)
Deconstruction
Deconstruction is the name given by French philosopher Jacques Derrida to an approach (whether in philosophy, literary analysis, or in other fields) which rigorously pursues the meaning of a text to the point of undoing the oppositions on which it is apparently founded, and to the point of showing that those foundations are irreducibly complex, unstable or impossible.Deconstruction generally operates by conducting close textual readings with a view to demonstrating that the text is not a discrete whole but that it instead contains several irreconcilable, contradictory meanings.
Deconstruction
Etruscan language
The Etruscan language was spoken and written by the Etruscan civilization in the ancient region of Etruria (modern Tuscany plus western Umbria and northern Latium) and in parts of Lombardy, Veneto, and Emilia-Romagna (where the Etruscans were displaced by Gauls), in Italy. However, Latin superseded Etruscan completely, leaving only a few documents and a few loanwords in Latin e.g., persona from Etruscan ersu, and some place-names, such as Roma.
Etruscan_language
Eight queens puzzle
The eight queens puzzle is the problem of putting eight chess queens on an 8×8 chessboard such that none of them is able to capture any other using the standard chess queen's moves. The queens must be placed in such a way that no two queens would be able to attack each other.
Eight_queens_puzzle
Francisco Goya
Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes (30 March 1746 painter and printmaker regarded both as the last of the Old Masters and as the first of the moderns. Goya was a court painter to the Spanish Crown and a chronicler of history. The subversive and subjective element in his art, as well as his bold handling of paint, provided a model for the work of later generations of artists, notably Manet and Picasso.
Francisco_Goya
Finance
The field of finance refers to the concepts of time, money and risk and how they are interrelated. Banks are the main facilitators of funding through the provision of credit, although private equity, mutual funds, hedge funds, and other organizations have become important.
Finance
Functional analysis
For functional analysis as used in psychology, see the functional analysis (psychology) article.Functional analysis is the branch of mathematics, and specifically of analysis, concerned with the study of vector spaces and operators acting upon them. It has its historical roots in the study of functional spaces, in particular transformations of functions, such as the Fourier transform, as well as in the study of differential and integral equations.
Functional_analysis
Graffiti
Graffiti (singulargraffito; the plural is used as a mass noun) is the name for images or lettering scratched, scrawled, painted or marked in any manner on property. Graffiti is sometimes regarded as a form of art and other times regarded as unsightly damage or unwanted.Graffiti is any type of public markings that may appear in the forms of simple written words to elaborate wall paintings.
Graffiti
Gross domestic product
gross domestic product (GDP) or gross domestic income (GDI), a basic measure of an economy's economic performance, is the market value of all final goods and services made within the borders of a nation in a year. GDP can be defined in three ways, all of which are conceptually identical. First, it is equal to the total expenditures for all final goods and services produced within the country in a stipulated period of time (u
Gross_domestic_product
LGBT social movements
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender social movements share related goals of social acceptance of homosexuality, bisexuality and transgenderism. Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people have a long history of campaigning for what is generally called LGBT rights (or gay rights or gay and lesbian rights).
LGBT_social_movements
Hacker ethic
The hacker ethic comprises the values and philosophy that are standard in the hacker community. The early hacker culture and resulting philosophy originated at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the 1950s and 1960s. The term 'hacker ethic' is attributed to journalist Steven Levy as described in his book titled Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution, written in 1984.
Hacker_ethic
Insect
Insect
Interdisciplinarity
interdisciplinary field or multidisciplinary field is a field of study that crosses traditional boundaries between academic disciplines or schools of thought, as new needs and professions have emerged. Originally the terms interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary were applied within education and training pedagogies to describe studies that cut across several established disciplines or traditional fields of study.
Interdisciplinarity
Japan
For a topical guide to this subject, see Outline of Japan.
Japan
James Beard
James Andrew Beard (May 5, 1903 – January 21, 1985) was an American chef and food writer.
James_Beard
Kathy Acker
Kathy Acker (née Karen Alexander) (18 April 1947 – 30 November 1997) was an American experimental novelist, prose stylist, playwright, essayist, postmodernist and sex-positive feminist writer. She was strongly influenced by the Black Mountain School, William S. Burroughs, David Antin, French critical theory, philosophy, and pornography.
Kathy_Acker
Louisa May Alcott
Louisa May Alcott (November 29, 1832 – March 6, 1888) was an American novelist. She is best known for the novel Little Women, written and set in the Alcott family home, Orchard House in Concord, Massachusetts and published in 1868. This novel is loosely based on her childhood experiences with her three sisters.
Louisa_May_Alcott
Lambda calculus
mathematical logic and computer science, lambda calculus, also written as λ-calculus, is a formal system for function definition, function application and recursion. It was introduced by Alonzo Church and Stephen Cole Kleene in the 1930s as part of an investigation into the foundations of mathematics, but has emerged as a useful tool in the investigation of problems in computability or recursion theory, and forms the basis of a paradigm of computer programming called functional programming.
Lambda_calculus
Left-wing politics
In politics, left-wing, political left, leftist and the Left are terms applied to positions that focus on changing traditional social orders and creating a more egalitarian distribution of wealth and privilege. The phrase left-wing was coined during the French Revolution, when left-wing referred to the seating arrangements in parliament; those who sat on the left supported the republic, the common people and secularization.
Left-wing_politics
Minor Threat
Minor Threat was an American hardcore punk band that formed in Washington, D.C. in 1980 and disbanded in 1983. Despite being so short-lived, the band had a strong influence on the hardcore punk music scene.Minor Threat's song "Straight Edge" became the eventual basis of the straight edge movement, while the band often professed their own "straight edge" ideals. Allmusic referred to Minor Threat's music as "iconic," and have noted that their "groundbreaking" music "has held up better than
Minor_Threat
Max Weber
Maximilian Carl Emil Weber () (21 April 1864German lawyer, politician, scholar, political economist and sociologist, who profoundly influenced sociological theory.Weber's major works deal with rationalization in sociology of religion, government, organizational theory, and behavior.
Max_Weber
Martin Gardner
Martin Gardner (born October 21, 1914, Tulsa, Oklahoma) is an American mathematics and science writer specializing in recreational mathematics, but with interests encompassing stage magic, pseudoscience, literature (especially the writings of Lewis Carroll), philosophy, scientific skepticism, and religion. He wrote the Mathematical Games column in Scientific American from 1956 to 1981, and he has published over 70 books.
Martin_Gardner
Margaret Sanger
Margaret Higgins Sanger Slee (September 14, 1879 American birth control activist and the founder of the American Birth Control League (which eventually became Planned Parenthood). Although she initially met with opposition, Sanger gradually won some support for getting women access to contraception. In her drive to promote contraception and negative eugenics, Sanger remains a controversial figure.
Margaret_Sanger
Marcel Proust
Valentin Louis Georges Eugène Marcel Proust () (10 July 1871 – 18 November 1922) was a French novelist, essayist, and critic, best known as the author of À la recherche du temps perdu (in English, In Search of Lost Time; earlier translated as Remembrance of Things Past), a monumental work of twentieth-century fiction published in seven parts from 1913 to 1927.
Marcel_Proust
Mad (magazine)
Mad is an influential American humor magazine founded by editor Harvey Kurtzman and publisher William Gaines in 1952. The last surviving title from the notorious and critically acclaimed EC Comics line, the magazine offers satire on all aspects of American life and pop culture, politics, entertainment, and public figures.
Mad_(magazine)
History of North Korea
For the history of Korea before its division, see History of Korea. The history of North Korea formally begins with the establishment of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea in 1948.In the aftermath of the Japanese occupation of Korea which ended with Japan's defeat in World War II in 1945, Korea was divided at the 38th parallel in accordance with a United Nations arrangement, to be administered by the Soviet Union in the north and the United States in the south.
History_of_North_Korea
Economy of North Korea
The economy of North Korea is a centrally planned economy.North Korea's economy remains one of the world's last centrally planned systems. The role of market allocation is sharply limited - mainly in the rural sector where peasants sell produce from small private plots.
Economy_of_North_Korea
New Amsterdam
New Amsterdam () was a 17th-century Dutch colonial settlement that later became New York City.The town developed outside of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island in the New Netherland territory (1614–1674) which was situated between 38 and 42 degrees latitude as a provincial extension of the Dutch Republic as of 1624.
New_Amsterdam