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English Wikipedia references for Necsi.org 1-20 of 56
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| Butterfly effect The butterfly effect is a phrase that encapsulates the more technical notion of sensitive dependence on initial conditions in chaos theory. Small variations of the initial condition of a dynamical system may produce large variations in the long term behavior of the system. This is sometimes presented as esoteric behavior, but can be exhibited by very simple systemsball placed at the crest of a hill might roll into any of several valleys depending on slight differences in initial position. Butterfly_effect | |
| Consciousness Consciousness is often used colloquially to describe being awake and aware—responsive to the environment, in contrast to being asleep or in a coma. In philosophical and scientific discussion, however, the term is restricted to the specific way in which humans are mentally aware in such a way that they distinguish clearly between themselves (the thing being aware) and all other things and events. This "self-awareness" may involve thoughts, sensations, perceptions, moods, emotions, and dreams. Consciousness | |
| Dynamical system Talk:Dynamical_system | |
| Marvin Minsky Marvin Lee Minsky (born August 9, 1927) is an American cognitive scientist in the field of artificial intelligence (AI), co-founder of MIT's AI laboratory, and author of several texts on AI and philosophy. Marvin_Minsky | |
| Artificial neural network An artificial neural network (ANN), usually called "neural network" (NN), is a mathematical model or computational model that tries to simulate the structure and/or functional aspects of biological neural networks. It consists of an interconnected group of artificial neurons and processes information using a connectionist approach to computation. Artificial_neural_network | |
| Sleep Sleep is a natural state of bodily rest observed in humans and other animals. It is distinguished from quiet wakefulness by a decreased ability to react to stimuli, and it is more easily reversible than hibernation or coma. It is common to all mammals and birds, and is also seen in many reptiles, amphibians, and fish. Sleep | |
| Systems theory Systems theory is an interdisciplinary field of science and the study of the nature of complex systems in nature, society, and science. More specifically, it is a framework by which one can analyze and/or describe any group of objects that work in concert to produce some result. Systems_theory | |
| Emergence In philosophy, systems theory and science, emergence is the way complex systems and patterns arise out of a multiplicity of relatively simple interactions. Emergence is central to the theories of integrative levels and of complex systems. Emergence | |
| Brain Talk:Brain | |
| Stephen Wolfram Stephen Wolfram (born 29 August 1959 in London) is a British physicist, software developer, mathematician, author and businessman, known for his work in theoretical particle physics, cosmology, cellular automata, complexity theory, computer algebra and the Wolfram Alpha computational knowledge engine. Stephen_Wolfram | |
| Cellular automaton A cellular automaton (pluralcellular automata, abbrev. CA) is a discrete model studied in computability theory, mathematics, theoretical biology and microstructure modeling. It consists of a regular grid of cells, each in one of a finite number of states, such as "On" and "Off". The grid can be in any finite number of dimensions. For each cell, a set of cells called its neighborhood (usually including the cell itself) is defined relative to the specified cell. For exam Cellular_automaton | |
| Gerald Jay Sussman Gerald Jay Sussman (August 9, 1947) is the Panasonic Professor of Electrical Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He received his S.B. and Ph.D. degrees in mathematics from MIT in 1968 and 1973 respectively. He has been involved in artificial intelligence research at MIT since 1964. Gerald_Jay_Sussman | |
| Nonlinear system This article describes the use of the term nonlinearity in mathematics. For other meanings, see nonlinearity (disambiguation).In mathematics, a nonlinear system is a system which is not linear, that is, a system which does not satisfy the superposition principle, or whose output is not proportional to its input. Nonlinear_system | |
| Scale-free network where smax is the maximum value of s(h) for h in the set of all graphs with an identical degree distribution to g. This gives a metric between 0 and 1, such that graphs with low S(g) are "scale-rich", and graphs with S(g) close to 1 are "scale-free". This definition captures the notion of self-similarity implied in the name "scale-free". Scale-free_network | |
| Social network A social network is a social structure made of nodes (which are generally individuals or organizations) that are tied by one or more specific types of interdependency, such as values, visions, ideas, financial exchange, friendship, sexual relationships, kinship, dislike, conflict or trade. Social_network | |
| Philip Warren Anderson Philip Warren Anderson (born December 13, 1923) is an American physicist and Nobel laureate. Anderson has made contributions to the theories of localization, antiferromagnetism and high-temperature superconductivity. Philip_Warren_Anderson | |
| Digital physics physics and cosmology, digital physics is a collection of theoretical perspectives that start by assuming that the universe is, at heart, describable by information, and is therefore computable. Given such assumptions, the universe can be conceived as either the output of some computer program or as being some sort of vast digital computation device.Digital physics is grounded in one or more of the following hypotheses, listed in order of increasing boldness. Digital_physics | |
| Rita R. Colwell Rita R. Colwell (born 1934 in Beverly, Massachusetts) is an environmental microbiologist and scientific administrator. She became the 11th Director of the United States National Science Foundation (NSF) on August 4, 1998.Dr. Colwell has an undergraduate degree in bacteriology and an M.S. Rita_R._Colwell | |
| Santa Fe Institute Santa Fe Institute (SFI) is a non-profit research institute located in Santa Fe (New Mexico, United States) and dedicated to the study of complex systems. Santa_Fe_Institute | |
| New England Complex Systems Institute The New England Complex Systems Institute (NECSI) is an American research institution dedicated to advancing the study of complex systems. It was founded in 1996 and is located in Cambridge, MA. New_England_Complex_Systems_Institute |
