| Auschwitz concentration camp "Auschwitz" redirects here. For the town, see Oświęcim. Distinguish from Austerlitz.Auschwitz-Birkenau ('Nazi Germany's concentration camps and extermination camps, established in Nazi German occupied Poland. The camp took its German name from the nearby Polish town of Oświęcim. Birkenau, the German translation of pol. Brzezinka (birch tree), refers to a small village nearby, mostly destroyed by the Germans. Auschwitz_concentration_camp
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| Religious denominations in Poland The constitution of Poland provides for freedom of religion, and the Polish government generally respects this right in practice. Religious_denominations_in_Poland
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| Baltic Sea The Baltic Sea is a brackish inland sea located in Northern Europe, from 53°N to 66°N latitude and from 20°E to 26°E longitude. It is bounded by the Scandinavian Peninsula, the mainland of Europe, and the Danish islands. It drains into the Kattegat by way of the Øresund, the Great Belt and the Little Belt. Baltic_Sea
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| Constitution A constitution is set of rules for government—often codified as a written document—that establishes principles of an autonomous political entity. In the case of countries, this term refers specifically to a national constitution defining the fundamental political principles, and establishing the structure, procedures, powers and duties, of a government. Constitution
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| City A city is a relatively large and permanent settlement, particularly a large urban settlement. Although there are no agreed definitions distinguishing a city from a town, many cities have a particular administrative, legal, or historical status - for example, historically in Europe an urban settlement with a cathedral, in the United Kingdom and parts of the Commonwealth a settlement with a royal charter. City
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| Calendar date A date in a calendar is a reference to a particular day represented within a calendar system. The calendar date allows the specific day to be identified. The number of days between two dates may be calculated. For example, "24 14 Gregorian calendar. The date of a particular event depends on the time zone in which it is observed. For example the attack on Pearl Harbor took place on 7 December 1941, in Hawaii, but on 8 December according to Japanese time. Calendar_date
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| European Union European_Union
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| German language German_language
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| Gdańsk Gdańsk (, Polish ; ; ; ) is the city at the centre of the fourth-largest metropolitan area in Poland. It is Poland's principal seaport as well as the capital of the Pomeranian Voivodeship. It is also historically the largest city of the Kashubian region. The city is close to the former boundary between West Slavic and Germanic lands and it has a complex political history with long spells of Polish rule interspersed with periods of German control and two spells as a free city. Gdańsk
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| History of Poland Settled agricultural people have lived in the area that is now Poland for the last 7500 years, the Slavic people have been in this territory for over 1500 years, and the history of Poland as a state spans well over a millennium. The territory ruled by Poland has shifted and varied greatly. History_of_Poland
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| Institute of National Remembrance Institute of National Remembrance — Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation (; IPN) is a Polish government-affiliated research institute with lustration prerogatives Institute_of_National_Remembrance
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| Joseph Stalin Joseph_Stalin
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| Kraków Kraków (pronounced ; in English also spelled Krakow or Cracow, ( listen)) is one of the largest and oldest cities in Poland, and is a popular tourist location, containing a World Heritage Site in the historic centre. Situated on the Vistula river () in the Lesser Poland region, the city dates back to the 7th century. Kraków
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| Kashubians Kashubians/Kaszubians (, , ), also called Kashubs, Kaszubians, Kassubians or Cassubians, are a West Slavic ethnic group in Pomerelia, north-central Poland. Their settlement area is referred to as Kashubia (, ). They speak Kashubian, classified either as a language or a Polish dialect. In analogy to the linguistic classification, Kashubians are considered either an ethnic or a linguistic group. Kashubians
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| Legnica Legnica () is a city on the Kaczawa river in south-western Poland. According to official figures for 2006, it has a total population of 105,485.The city was formerly known in Polish as Lignica; it was officially renamed Legnica in 1946, after it had passed to Poland from Germany following World War II. Legnica
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| Lech Wałęsa Lech Wałęsa (IPA:Polish politician and a former trade union and human rights activist. He co-founded Solidarity (Solidarność), the Soviet bloc's first independent trade union, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983, and served as President of Poland from 1990 to 1995. Lech_Wałęsa
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| Poland Is Not Yet Lost Mazurek Dąbrowskiego (pronounced , "Dąbrowski's Mazurka") is the national anthem of Poland. It is also known by its original title, Pieśń Legionów Polskich we Włoszech (pronounced , "Song of the Polish Legions in Italy"), or by its incipit, Jeszcze Polska nie zginęła (pronounced , "Poland Is Not Yet Lost" or "Poland Has Not Yet Perished").The song is a lively mazurka with lyrics penned by Józef Wybicki in Reggio nell'Emilia, Cisalpine Republic (now in Italy), around 16 July 1797, two years after the Third Partition of Poland erased the once vast country from the map. Poland_Is_Not_Yet_Lost
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| Lesser Poland Voivodeship Lesser Poland Voivodeship (also known as Małopolska Province, or by its Polish name województwo małopolskie or simply Małopolskie) is a voivodeship, or province, in southern Poland. It has an area of , and a population of 3,267,731 (2006).It was created on 1 January 1999 out of the former Kraków, Tarnów, Nowy Sącz and parts of Bielsko-Biała, Katowice, Kielce and Krosno Voivodeships, pursuant to the Polish local government reforms adopted in 1998. Lesser_Poland_Voivodeship
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| Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, colloquially named after Soviet foreign minister Vyacheslav Molotov and German foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop, was an agreement officially titled the Treaty of Non-aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and signed in Moscow in the early hours of August 24, 1939 (but dated August 23). Molotov–Ribbentrop_Pact
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| Oath of office oath of office is an oath or affirmation a person takes before undertaking the duties of an office, usually a position in government or within a religious body, although such oaths are sometimes required of officers of other organizations. Such oaths are often required by the laws of the state, religious body, or other organization before the person may actually exercise the powers of the office or any religious body. Oath_of_office
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| Oxygen Oxygen (, from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys) (acid, literally "sharp," from the taste of acids) and -γενής (-genēs) (producer, literally begetter) is the element with atomic number 8 and represented by the symbol O. It is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table, and is a highly reactive nonmetallic period 2 element that readily forms compounds (notably oxides) with almost all other elements. Oxygen
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| Opole Voivodeship Opole Voivodeship (also known as Opole Province, or by its Polish name of województwo opolskie or simply Opolskie; ) is a Polish voivodeship, or province, created on January 1, 1999, out of the former Opole Voivodeship and parts of Częstochowa Voivodeship, pursuant to the Polish local government reforms adopted in 1998. The province's name derives from that of the region's capital and largest city, Opole, pronounced . Opole_Voivodeship
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| Poland Poland
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| Demographics of Poland Demographics of Poland is about the demographic features of the population of Poland, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.According to the estimates of Polish Central Statistical Office (GUS), at the end of 2007 Poland had a population of 38,115.000, which translates into population density of 122 people/km² (urban 1105, rural 50). Demographics_of_Poland
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| Economy of Poland Poland is considered to currently have one of the fastest growing economies in Central European nations, with an annual growth rate of over 6.0%.privatization of small and medium state-owned companies and a liberal law on establishing new firms has encouraged the development of the private business sector, which has been the main drive for Poland's economic growth. Economy_of_Poland
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| Transport in Poland This article is about transportation in Poland. Transport_in_Poland
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| Poland Talk:Poland
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| Demographics of Poland Talk:Demographics_of_Poland
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| Prime minister A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. The position is usually held by, but need not always be held by, a politician. In many systems, the prime minister selects and can dismiss other members of the cabinet, and allocates posts to members within the Government. Prime_minister
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| Palestinian National Authority Talk:Palestinian_National_Authority
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| Renaissance The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth"; , from re- "again" and nascere "be born") was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. The term is also used more loosely to refer to the historic era, but since the changes of the Renaissance were not uniform across Europe, this is a general use of the term. Renaissance
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| Scandinavia Scandinavia is a historical and geographical region in northern Europe that includes, and is named after, the Scandinavian Peninsula. It consists of the kingdoms of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark; some authorities argue for the inclusion of Finland and Iceland, in Scandinavia the term is, however, used unambiguously for Denmark, Norway and Sweden, which share a mutually intelligible language (a dialect continuum), ethnic composition and have close cultural and historic bonds, to a degree that Scandinavians may be considered one people (see scandinavism). Scandinavia
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| Stanisław Lem Stanisław Lem ( ; 12 September 1921 – 27 March 2006) was a Polish science fiction, philosophical and satirical writer. His books have been translated into 41 languages and have sold over 27 million copies. He is perhaps best known as the author of Solaris, which has twice been made into a feature film. In 1976, Theodore Sturgeon claimed that Lem was the most widely read science-fiction writer in the world. Stanisław_Lem
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| Sejm of the Republic of Poland Sejm is the lower house of the Polish parliament.Before the 20th century, the term "Sejm" referred to the entire three-chamber Polish parliament, comprising the lower house (Chamber of Envoys; ), the upper house (Senate; PolishSenat) and the King. It was commonly termed a three-estate parliament. Since the Second Polish Republic (1918-1939), the term "Sejm" has referred only to the lower house of the parliament; the upper house is called the "Senat". Sejm_of_the_Republic_of_Poland
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| Solidarity Solidarity ( ; full nameIndependent Self-governing Trade Union "Solidarity" — Niezależny Samorządny Związek Zawodowy "Solidarność" ) is a Polish trade union federation founded in September 1980 at the Gdańsk Shipyard, and originally led by Lech Wałęsa.Solidarity was the first non-communist trade union in a communist country. Solidarity
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| Silesian Voivodeship Silesian Voivodeship (also known as Silesian Province, or by its Polish name of województwo śląskie or simply Śląskie) is a voivodeship, or province, in southern Poland, centring on the region known as Upper Silesia (Górny Śląsk). Its capital is Katowice.It was created on January 1, 1999, out of the former Katowice, Częstochowa and Bielsko-Biała Voivodeships, pursuant to the Polish local government reforms adopted in 1998. Silesian_Voivodeship
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| Toruń Talk:Toruń
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| Urząd Ochrony Państwa Urząd Ochrony Państwa (UOP) (Office for State Protection) was the intelligence agency of Poland. It was founded on April 6, 1990, as a department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. In 1996 it was transformed into a separate government agency under the supervision of the Prime Minister. It was responsible for intelligence, counter-intelligence and government electronic security, including telephone wiretaps. Urząd_Ochrony_Państwa
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| Vistula River The Vistula (; ), is the longest and one of the most important rivers in Poland at 1,047The Vistula has its source at Barania Góra in the south of Poland, 1220 meters above sea level in the Silesian Beskids (western part of Carpathian Mountains) where it begins with the White Little Vistula (Biała Wisełka) and the Black Little Vistula (Czarna Wisełka). Vistula_River
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| Warsaw Warsaw ( ; also known by other names) is the capital and largest city of Poland. It is located on the Vistula River roughly from both the Baltic Sea coast and the Carpathian Mountains. Its population as of 2007 was estimated at 1,706,624, and the Warsaw metropolitan area at approximately 2,785,000. The city area is , with an agglomeration of (Warsaw Metro Area Obszar Metropolitalny Warszawy). Warsaw is the 8th largest city in the European Union. Warsaw
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| Żarnowiec Żarnowiec (German Zarnowitz) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Krokowa, within Puck County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies close to Żarnowieckie Lake, approximately west of Krokowa, north-west of Puck, and north-west of the regional capital Gdańsk. Żarnowiec
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| Hall effect thruster In spacecraft propulsion, a Hall thruster is a type of ion thruster in which the propellant is accelerated by an electric field. Hall thrusters trap electrons in a magnetic field and then use the electrons to ionize propellant, efficiently accelerate the ions to produce thrust, and neutralize the ions in the plume. Hall thrusters are sometimes referred to as Hall Effect Thrusters or Hall Current Thrusters. Hall_effect_thruster
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| Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland The Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland represents the Council of Ministers (the Cabinet) and directs their work, supervises territorial self-government within the guidelines and in ways described in the Constitution and other legislation, and acts as the superior for all government administration workers (heading the public service corps).The full name of the office is the "Chairman of the Council of Minsters" (in Polish Prezes Rady Ministrów), but this version is very rarely used in English. Prime_Minister_of_the_Republic_of_Poland
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| Polish United Workers' Party The Polish United Workers' Party (PUWP, - PZPR) was the Communist party which governed the People's Republic of Poland from 1948 to 1989. It was based on Marxist and Leninist philosophical theories. For most intents and purposes it was controlled by Moscow. Polish_United_Workers'_Party
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| Greater Poland Voivodeship Greater Poland Voivodeship (also known as Wielkopolska Province, or by its Polish name of województwo wielkopolskie or simply Wielkopolskie) is a voivodeship, or province, in west-central Poland. It was created on 1 January 1999 out of the former Poznań, Kalisz, Konin, Piła and Leszno Voivodeships, pursuant to the Polish local government reforms adopted in 1998. Greater_Poland_Voivodeship
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| Voivodeships of Poland The voivodeship or province () has been a high-level administrative subdivision of Poland since the 14th century. Pursuant to the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998, which came into effect on January 1, 1999, sixteen new voivodeships were created. Voivodeships_of_Poland
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| Masovian Voivodeship Masovian Voivodeship (also known as Masovia Province, or by its Polish name of województwo mazowieckie or simply Mazowieckie) is the largest and most populous of the sixteen Polish provinces, or voivodeships, created in 1999. It occupies of Warsaw (1.7 million) in the centre of the Warsaw metropolitan area, Radom (226,000) in the south, Płock (127,000) in the west, Siedlce (77,000) in the east, and Ostrołęka (55,000) in the north. The capital of the voivodeship is the national capital, Warsaw. Masovian_Voivodeship
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| Katowice Katowice (, ) is a city in Silesia in southern Poland, on the Kłodnica and Rawa rivers (tributaries of the Oder and the Vistula). Katowice is located in the Silesian Highlands, about 50Silesian Beskids (part of the Carpathian Mountains) and about 100Sudetes Mountains. Katowice
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| Polish contribution to World War II The European theater of World War II opened with the German invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939. The Polish Army was quickly pushed back. In keeping with the terms of the Secret Additional Protocol of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact Germany informed the Soviet Union that its forces were nearing the Soviet interest zone in Poland and so urged the Soviet Union to move into its zone. Polish_contribution_to_World_War_II
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| List of national parks of Poland There are 23 national parks in Poland. These were formerly run by the Polish Board of National Parks (Krajowy Zarząd Parków Narodowych), but in 2004 responsibility for them was transferred to the Ministry of the Environment. Most national parks are divided into strictly and partially protected zones. Additionally, they are usually surrounded by a protective buffer zone called otulina. List_of_national_parks_of_Poland
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