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English Wikipedia references for Archive.org 1-50 of 41161
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| Alabama Alabama | |
| Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was the 16th President of the United States. He successfully led the country through its greatest internal crisis, the American Civil War, preserving the Union and ending slavery. Before his election in 1860 as the first Republican president, Lincoln had been a country lawyer, an Illinois state legislator, a member of the United States House of Representatives, and twice an unsuccessful candidate for election to the U.S. Abraham_Lincoln | |
| Aristotle Aristotle (, Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC) was a Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. He wrote on many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, politics, government, ethics, biology and zoology.Together with Plato and Socrates (Plato's teacher), Aristotle is one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy. Aristotle | |
| An American in Paris This article is about the Gershwin composition. For the 1951 musical starring Gene Kelly, see An American in Paris (film).An American in Paris is a symphonic composition by American composer George Gershwin, composed in 1928. Inspired by time Gershwin had spent in Paris, it is in the form of an extended tone poem evoking the sights and energy of the French capital in the 1920s. It is one of Gershwin's best-known compositions. An_American_in_Paris | |
| Ayn Rand Ayn_Rand | |
| Austria Austria | |
| Animal Farm Animal Farm is a dystopian novel by George Orwell. Published in England on 17 August 1945, the book reflects events leading up to and during the Stalin era before World War II. Orwell, a democratic socialist and a member of the Independent Labour Party for many years, was a critic of Joseph Stalin and was suspicious of Moscow-directed Stalinism after his experiences with the NKVD during the Spanish Civil War. In a letter to Yvonne Davet, Orwell described Animal Farm as his novel "contre Stalin". Animal_Farm | |
| Algae [[Thomas Cavalier-Smith. The exact number and placement of endosymbiotic events is not yet clear, so this diagram can be taken only as a general guide. Algae | |
| Apollo 8 Apollo 8 was the first manned space voyage to achieve a velocity sufficient to allow escape from the gravitational field of planet Earth; the first to escape from the gravitational field of another celestial body; and the first manned voyage to return to planet Earth from another celestial body - Earth's Moon. Apollo_8 | |
| Atlantic Ocean The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's oceanic divisions; with a total area of about 106.4 million square kilometres (41.1 million square miles). It covers approximately one-fifth of the Earth's surface. The first part of its name refers to the Atlas of Greek mythology, making the Atlantic the "Sea of Atlas". Atlantic_Ocean | |
| Arthur Schopenhauer Arthur Schopenhauer (February 22, 1788–September 21, 1860) German philosopher known for his atheistic pessimism and philosophical clarity. At age 25, he published his doctoral dissertation, On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason, which examined the fundamental question of whether reason alone can unlock answers about the world. Arthur_Schopenhauer | |
| Albert Einstein Albert (; German:Jewish, German-born, theoretical physicist of the 20th century who is best known for his theories of special relativity and general relativity. He also made important contributions to statistical mechanics, especially his treatment of Brownian motion, his resolution of the paradox of specific heats, and his connection of fluctuations and dissipation. Albert_Einstein | |
| Abortion An abortion is the termination of a pregnancy by the removal or expulsion from the uterus of a fetus/embryo, resulting in or caused by its death. An abortion can occur spontaneously due to complications during pregnancy or can be induced, in humans and other species. Abortion | |
| Alfred Korzybski Alfred Habdank Skarbek Korzybski () (July 3, 1879 March 1, 1950) was a Polish-American philosopher and scientist. He is most remembered for developing the theory of general semantics. Alfred_Korzybski | |
| Anime Anime | |
| Amsterdam Amsterdam | |
| Apple Inc. Apple_Inc. | |
| American Civil War The American Civil War (1861–1865), also known as the War Between the States and several other names, was a civil war in the United States of America. Eleven Southern slave states declared their secession from the U.S. and formed the Confederate States of America (the Confederacy). Led by Jefferson Davis, they fought against the U.S. federal government (the Union), which was supported by all the free states and the five border slave states in the north. American_Civil_War | |
| Americium Americium () is a synthetic element that has the symbol Am and atomic number 95. A radioactive metallic element, americium is an actinide that was obtained in 1944 by Glenn T. Seaborg who was bombarding plutonium with neutrons and was the fourth transuranic element to be discovered. It was named for the Americas, by analogy with europium. Americium is widely used in commercial ionization-chamber smoke detectors as well as in neutron sources and industrial gauges. Americium | |
| Astatine Astatine ( or ) is a radioactive chemical element with the symbol At and atomic number 85. It is the heaviest of the discovered halogens. Although astatine is produced by radioactive decay in nature, due to its short half life it is found only in minute amounts. Astatine | |
| Hercule Poirot Hercule Poirot ( in French) is a fictional Belgian detective created by Agatha Christie. Along with Miss Marple, Poirot is one of Christie's most famous and long-lived characters, appearing in 33 novels and 51 short stories that were published between 1920 and 1975 and set in the same era. Poirot has been portrayed on screen, for films and television, by various actors including Albert Finney, Peter Ustinov, Ian Holm, Tony Randall, Alfred Molina, and David Suchet. Hercule_Poirot | |
| Allen Ginsberg Irwin Allen Ginsberg (; June 3, 1926 American poet. Ginsberg is best known for the poem "Howl" (1956), celebrating his friends who were members of the Beat Generation and attacking what he saw as the destructive forces of materialism and conformity in the United States. Allen_Ginsberg | |
| Anatole France Anatole France (16 April 1844—12 October 1924), born François-Anatole Thibault, Anatole_France | |
| Antisemitism Antisemitism (also spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also known as Judeophobia) is a term used to describe prejudice against or hostility towards Jews, often rooted in hatred of their religion, culture, or ethnic background.While the term's etymology might suggest that antisemitism is directed against all Semitic peoples, it has been used exclusively to refer to hostility toward Jews since its initial usage. Antisemitism | |
| Advanced Encryption Standard In cryptography, the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is an encryption standard adopted by the U.S. government. The standard comprises three block ciphers, AES-128, AES-192 and AES-256, adopted from a larger collection originally published as Rijndael. Each AES cipher has a 128-bit block size, with key sizes of 128, 192 and 256 bits, respectively. The AES ciphers have been analyzed extensively and are now used worldwide, as was the case with its predecessor, the Data Encryption Standard (DES). Advanced_Encryption_Standard | |
| Apatosaurus Apatosaurus (), including the popular, but obsolete synonym Brontosaurus, is a genus of sauropod dinosaur that lived about 150 million years ago, during the Jurassic Period (Kimmeridgian and Tithonian ages). It was one of the largest land animals that ever existed, with an average length of 23 meters (75 ft) and a mass of at least 23 metric tons (25 short tons). Apatosaurus | |
| AK-47 The AK-47 is a selective fire, gas operated 7.62mm assault rifle developed in the Soviet Union by Mikhail Kalashnikov. Six decades later, the AK-47 and its variants and derivatives remain in service throughout the world. It has been manufactured in many countries and has seen service with regular armed forces as well as irregular, revolutionary and terrorist organizations worldwide. AK-47 | |
| Albertosaurus Albertosaurus (; meaning "Alberta lizard") is a genus of tyrannosaurid theropod dinosaur that lived in western North America during the Late Cretaceous Period, more than 70million years ago. The type species, A. sarcophagus, was restricted in range to the modern-day Canadian province of Alberta, after which the genus is named. Scientists disagree on the content of the genus, with some recognizing Gorgosaurus libratus as a second species. Albertosaurus | |
| Assembly language See the terminology section below for information regarding inconsistent use of the terms assembly and assembler.Assembly languages are a family of low-level languages for programming computers. They implement a symbolic representation of the numeric machine codes and other constants needed to program a particular CPU architecture. Assembly_language | |
| AOL AOL LLC (formerly America Online) is an American global Internet services and media company operated by Time Warner. It is headquartered at 770 Broadway in New York, NY. Founded in 1983 as Quantum Computer Services, it has franchised its services to companies in several nations around the world or set up international versions of its services.AOL is best known for its online software suite, also called "AOL", that allowed millions of customers around the world to access the world's largest "walled garden" online community and eventually reach out to the internet as a whole. AOL | |
| Absolute zero Absolute zero is a temperature marked by a 0 entropy configuration. It is the coldest temperature theoretically possible and cannot be reached by artificial or natural means. Temperature is an entropically defined quantity that effectively determines the number of thermodynamically accessible states of a system within an energy range. Absolute_zero | |
| Alan Kay Alan Curtis Kay (born May 17, 1940) is an American computer scientist, known for his early pioneering work on object-oriented programming and windowing graphical user interface design.He is the president of the Viewpoints Research Institute, and an Adjunct Professor of Computer Science at the University of California, Los Angeles. Alan_Kay | |
| APL (programming language) APL (A Programming Language) is an array programming language based on a notation invented in 1957 by Kenneth E. Iverson while at Harvard University. It originated as an attempt to provide consistent notation for the teaching and analysis of topics related to the application of computers. APL_(programming_language) | |
| Acupuncture Acupuncture | |
| Andrew Johnson Andrew Johnson (December 29, 1808 17th President of the United States (1865the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. He was the first U.S. President to be impeached. At the time of the secession of the Southern states, Johnson was a U.S. Senator from Greeneville in eastern Tennessee. Andrew_Johnson | |
| Alhazen Alhazen | |
| Ambrosiaster Ambrosiaster is the name given to the writer of a commentary on St Paul's epistles, "brief in words but weighty in matter," and valuable for the criticism of the Latin text of the New Testament. This commentary was erroneously attributed for a long time to St Ambrose.Erasmus in 1527 threw doubt on the accuracy of this ascription, and the author is usually spoken of as Ambrosiaster or pseudo-Ambrose. Ambrosiaster | |
| Apollo 13 Apollo 13 was the third manned mission by NASA intended to land on the moon, but a mid-mission technical malfunction forced the lunar landing to be aborted. The crewmembers were Commander James A. Lovell, Command Module pilot John L. "Jack" Swigert, and Lunar Module pilot Fred W. Apollo_13 | |
| Arnold Schwarzenegger Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger (, ; born July 30, 1947) is an Austrian American bodybuilder, actor, businessman, and politician, currently serving as the 38th Governor of the state of California.Schwarzenegger began weight-training at fifteen. He was awarded the title of Mr. Arnold_Schwarzenegger | |
| Adam Smith Adam Smith (baptised 16 June 1723Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economy. One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment, Smith is the author of The Theory of Moral Sentiments and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. The latter, usually abbreviated as The Wealth of Nations, is considered his magnum opus and the first modern work of economics. Adam Smith is widely cited as the father of modern economics. Adam_Smith | |
| Augustin Louis Cauchy Augustin Louis Cauchy (21 August 1789 – 23 May 1857; pronounced ) was a French mathematician, who was one of the most prominent mathematicians of the first half of the nineteenth century. He started the project of formulating and proving the theorems of infinitesimal calculus in a rigorous manner and was thus an early pioneer of analysis. Augustin_Louis_Cauchy | |
| Archimedes Archimedes of Syracuse (Greek:c. 287c. 212Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor, and astronomer. Although few details of his life are known, he is regarded as one of the leading scientists in classical antiquity. Among his advances in physics are the foundations of hydrostatics, statics and the explanation of the principle of the lever. Archimedes | |
| Alternative medicine The term alternative medicine, as used in the modern Western world, encompasses any healing practice "that does not fall within the realm of conventional medicine". Commonly cited examples include naturopathy, chiropractic, herbalism, traditional Chinese medicine, Unani, Ayurveda, meditation, yoga, biofeedback, hypnosis, homeopathy, acupuncture, and diet-based therapies, in addition to a range of other practices. Alternative_medicine | |
| Antiprism Antiprism | |
| Approval voting Approval voting is a single-winner voting system used for elections. Each voter may vote for (approve of) as many of the candidates as they wish. The winner is the candidate receiving the most votes. Each voter may vote for any combination of candidates and may give each candidate at most one vote.Approval voting is a form of range voting with the range restricted to two values, 0 and 1. Approval_voting | |
| ASCII art ASCII_art | |
| American Airlines Flight 77 American Airlines Flight 77 was the third flight hijacked as part of the September 11 attacks, and it was deliberately crashed into the Pentagon. The scheduled U.S. domestic flight from Washington Dulles International Airport, near Washington, D.C., to Los Angeles International Airport was hijacked by five Islamic terrorists less than 35Hani Hanjour, one of the hijackers who was trained as a pilot, assumed control of the flight. American_Airlines_Flight_77 | |
| Al-Qaeda Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida and sometimes al-Qa'ida, (Arabic:translation:The Base) is an Islamist group founded sometime between August 1988 and late 1989/early 1990. It operates as a network comprising both a multinational, stateless arm and a fundamentalist Sunni movement calling for al-qaeda al-sulbah (a vanguard of the strong).Al-Qae Al-Qaeda | |
| Adobe Systems Adobe_Systems | |
| Apollo 15 Apollo 15 was the ninth manned mission in the Apollo program and the fourth mission to land on the Moon. It was the first of what were termed "J missions", long duration stays on the Moon with a greater focus on science than had been possible on previous missions. The mission began on July 26, 1971, and concluded on August 7. NASA called it the most successful manned flight ever achieved. Apollo_15 |
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