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English Wikipedia references for Stanford.edu 401-450 of 8415
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| Pencil pencil is a writing or drawing device consisting of a slippery, thin stick of pigment (usually graphite, but can also be colored pigment or charcoal) and clay, usually encased in a thin wood cylinder, though paper and plastic sheaths are also used. Pencils are noticeably distinct from pens, which use a liquid marking material. Pencil | |
| Peter Principle The Peter Principle is the principle that "In a Hierarchy Every Employee Tends to Rise to His Level of Incompetence." While formulated by Dr. Laurence J. Peter and Raymond Hull in their 1968 book The Peter Principle, a humorous treatise which also introduced the "salutary science of Hierarchiology", "inadvertently founded" by Peter, the principle has real validity. Peter_Principle | |
| Platonic realism Platonic realism is a philosophical term usually used to refer to the idea of realism regarding the existence of universals after the Greek philosopher Plato (c. 427–347 BC), a student of Socrates, and the teacher of Aristotle. As universals were by Plato considered ideal forms this stance is confusingly also called Platonic idealism.Plato's own articulation of the realism regarding the existence of universals is expounded in his The Republic and elsewhere, notably in the Phaedo, the Phaedrus, the Meno, and the Parmenides. Platonic_realism | |
| Patriotism Patriotism is love of and/or devotion to one's country. The word comes from the Greek patris. However, patriotism has had different meanings over time, and its meaning is highly dependent upon context, geography and philosophy.Although patriotism is used in certain vernaculars as a synonym for nationalism, nationalism is not necessarily considered an inherent part of patriotism. Patriotism | |
| Political science/Archive 1 Talk:Political_science/Archive_1 | |
| Positron Positron | |
| Permian–Triassic extinction event The Permian–Triassic (P–Tr) extinction event, informally known as the Great Dying, was an extinction event that occurred , Permian–Triassic_extinction_event | |
| Proto-Indo-Europeans The Proto-Indo-Europeans (PIE) were the speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language, and likely lived around 4000 BC, during the Copper Age and the Bronze Age, or possibly earlier, during the Neolithic or Paleolithic eras. Knowledge of them comes chiefly from the reconstruction of their language, which was the ancestor of the Indo-European languages, including English. Their genetics and phenotypes are a subject of speculation. Proto-Indo-Europeans | |
| PageRank Talk:PageRank | |
| Pacifism Pacifism is the opposition to war or violence as a means of settling disputes or gaining advantage. Pacifism covers a spectrum of views ranging from the belief that international disputes can and should be peacefully resolved; to calls for the abolition of the institutions of the military and war; to opposition to any organization of society through governmental force (anarchist or libertarian pacifism); to rejection of the use of physical violence to obtain political, economic or social goals; to the condemnation of force except in cases where it is absolutely necessary to advance the cause of peace; to opposition to violence under any circumstance, including defense of self and others. Pacifism | |
| Philosophy of education Philosophy of education is a field of applied philosophy, drawing from the traditional fields of philosophy (ontology, ethics, epistemology, etc.) and its approaches (, prescriptive, and/or analytic) to address questions regarding education policy, human development, and curriculum theory, to name a few. Philosophy_of_education | |
| Privacy Privacy is the ability of an individual or group to seclude themselves or information about themselves and thereby reveal themselves selectively. The boundaries and content of what is considered private differ among cultures and individuals, but share basic common themes. Privacy | |
| Polar coordinate system mathematics, the polar coordinate system is a two-dimensional coordinate system in which each point on a plane is determined by a distance from a fixed point and an angle from a fixed direction. The fixed point (analogous to the origin of a Cartesian system) is called the pole, and the ray from the pole with the fixed direction is the polar axis. The distance from the pole is called the radial coordinate or radius, and the angle is the angular coordinate, polar angle, or azimuth. Polar_coordinate_system | |
| Quark quark ( or Quark | |
| Quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics is a set of principles underlying the most fundamental known description of all physical systems at the submicroscopic scale Quantum_mechanics | |
| Quantum field theory Quantum field theory or QFT provides a theoretical framework for constructing quantum mechanical models of systems classically described by fields or of many-body systems. It is widely used in particle physics and condensed matter physics. Most theories in modern particle physics, including the Standard Model of elementary particles and their interactions, are formulated as relativistic quantum field theories. Quantum_field_theory | |
| Quantum gravity Quantum gravity (QG) is the field of theoretical physics attempting to unify quantum mechanics with general relativity in a self-consistent manner, or more precisely, to formulate a self-consistent theory which reduces to ordinary quantum mechanics in the limit of weak gravity (potentials much less than c2) and which reduces to "classical" general relativity in the limit of large actions (action much larger than reduced Planck's constant). Quantum_gravity | |
| Quantum entanglement Quantum entanglement is a possible property of a quantum mechanical state of a system of two or more objects in which the quantum states of the constituting objects are linked together so that one object can no longer be adequately described without full mention of its counterpart — even though the individual objects may be spatially separated. This interconnection leads to non-classical correlations between observable physical properties of remote systems, often referred to as nonlocal correlations. Quantum_entanglement | |
| RSA In cryptography, RSA is an algorithm for public-key cryptography. It is the first algorithm known to be suitable for signing as well as encryption, and one of the first great advances in public key cryptography. RSA is widely used in electronic commerce protocols, and is believed to be secure given sufficiently long keys and the use of up-to-date implementations. RSA | |
| Rational choice theory Rational choice theory, also known as rational action theory, is a framework for understanding and often formally modeling social and economic behavior. It is the dominant theoretical paradigm in microeconomics. It is also central to modern political science and is used by scholars in other disciplines such as sociology and philosophy. Rational_choice_theory | |
| Reptile Reptiles, or members of the class Reptilia, are air-breathing, cold-blooded amniotes that have skin covered in scales or scutes as opposed to hair or feathers. They are tetrapods (having or having descended from vertebrates with four limbs) and lay amniote eggs, whose embryos are surrounded by the amnion membrane. Reptile | |
| Richard Smith User:Richard_Smith | |
| Reed College Reed College is a private, independent, liberal arts college located in southeast Portland, Oregon. Founded in 1908, Reed is a four-year residential college with a campus located in Portland's residential Eastmoreland neighborhood, featuring architecture based on the Tudor-Gothic style, and a forested canyon wilderness preserve at its center. Reed_College | |
| René Descartes René Descartes (), (31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650), also known as Renatus Cartesius (Latinized form), was a French philosopher, mathematician, scientist, and writer who spent most of his adult life in the Dutch Republic. He has been dubbed the "Father of Modern Philosophy," and much of subsequent Western philosophy is a response to his writings, which continue to be studied closely to this day. René_Descartes | |
| Renaissance The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth"; , from re- "again" and nascere "be born") was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. The term is also used more loosely to refer to the historic era, but since the changes of the Renaissance were not uniform across Europe, this is a general use of the term. Renaissance | |
| Republic A republic is a state or country that is not led by a monarch, in which the people (or at least a part of its people) have an impact on its government. The word 'republic' is derived from the Latin phrase res publica which can be translated as "public thing". Republic | |
| Race (classification of human beings) The term race or racial group usually refers to the categorization of humans into populations or groups on the basis of various sets of heritable characteristics. The most widely used human racial categories are based on salient traits (especially skin color, cranial or facial features and hair texture), and self-identification. Race_(classification_of_human_beings) | |
| Risk Risk is a concept that denotes the precise probability of specific eventualities. Technically, the notion of risk is independent from the notion of value and, as such, eventualities may have both beneficial and adverse consequences. However, in general usage the convention is to focus only on potential negative impact to some characteristic of value that may arise from a future event. Risk | |
| Regular language In theoretical computer science, a regular language is a formal language (i.e., a possibly infinite set of finite sequences of symbols from a finite alphabet) that satisfies the following equivalent properties it can be accepted by a deterministic finite state machine it can be accepted by a nondeterministic finite state machine it can be accepted by an alternating finite automaton it can be described by a formal regular expression. Regular_language | |
| Republicanism Republicanism is the ideology of governing a nation as a republic, where the head of state is appointed by other means than hereditary, often elections. An important element of Republicanism is constitutional law to limit the state's power over its citizens. Early proponents of Republicanism, such as John Milton, put emphasis on the dangers of corruption and the importance of civic virtues. Republicanism | |
| Renewable energy Renewable energy is energy generated from natural resourcessunlight, wind, rain, tides and geothermal heat—renewable (naturally replenished). In 2006, about 18% of global final energy consumption came from renewables, with 13% coming from traditional biomass, such as wood-burning. Hydroelectricity was the next largest renewable source, providing 3% of global energy consumption and 15% of global electricity generation. Renewable_energy | |
| Robert Noyce Robert Norton Noyce (December 12, 1927 June 3, 1990), nicknamed "the Mayor of Silicon Valley", co-founded Fairchild Semiconductor in 1957 and Intel in 1968. He is also credited (along with Jack Kilby) with the invention of the integrated circuit or microchip. While Kilby's invention was 6 months earlier, and he did not share his finding publicly, neither man rejected the title of co-inventor. Robert_Noyce | |
| Roger Bacon Roger Bacon, O.F.M. (c. 1214–1294), also known as Doctor Mirabilis (Latin:English philosopher and Franciscan friar who placed considerable emphasis on empiricism. He is sometimes credited as one of the earliest European advocates of the modern scientific method inspired by the works of Plato via early Islamic scientists.Roger Bacon was born in Ilchester in Somerset, possibly in 1214. Roger_Bacon | |
| Richard Feynman Talk:Richard_Feynman | |
| Race (classification of human beings) Talk:Race_(classification_of_human_beings) | |
| Raymond Kurzweil Raymond Kurzweil () (born February 12, 1948) is an inventor and futurist. He has been a pioneer in the fields of optical character recognition (OCR), text-to-speech synthesis, speech recognition technology, and electronic keyboard instruments. He is the author of several books on health, artificial intelligence (AI), transhumanism, the technological singularity, and futurism. Raymond_Kurzweil | |
| Rickets Rickets is a softening of bones in children potentially leading to fractures and deformity. Rickets is among the most frequent childhood diseases in many developing countries. The predominant cause is a vitamin D deficiency, but lack of adequate calcium in the diet may also lead to rickets (cases of severe diarrhea and vomiting may be the cause of the deficiency). Rickets | |
| Ray tracing (graphics) In computer graphics, ray tracing is a technique for generating an image by tracing the path of light through pixels in an image plane. The technique is capable of producing a very high degree of photorealism; usually higher than that of typical scanline rendering methods, but at a greater computational cost. Ray_tracing_(graphics) | |
| Royal Navy The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service). From the mid-18th century until well into the 20th century, it was the most powerful navy in the world, playing a key part in establishing the British Empire as the dominant world power from 1815 until the early 1940s. Royal_Navy | |
| Romani people The Romani (also Romany, Romanies, Romanis, Roma or Roms; exonym:Gypsies; ) are an ethnic group of Europe tracing their origins to medieval India.The Romani are widely dispersed with their largest concentrated populations in Europe, especially the Roma of Central and Eastern Europe, with more recent diaspora populations in the Americas and, to a lesser extent, in other parts of the world. Romani_people | |
| Reduced instruction set computer The acronym RISC (pronounced as risk), for reduced instruction set computer, represents a CPU design strategy emphasizing the insight that simplified instructions that "do less" may still provide for higher performance if this simplicity can be utilized to make instructions execute very quickly. Reduced_instruction_set_computer | |
| Ralph Waldo Emerson Ralph Waldo Emerson (May 25, 1803 poet, best remembered for leading the Transcendentalist movement of the early 19th century. His teachings directly influenced the growing New Thought movement of the mid 1800s, while he was seen as a champion of individualism and prescient critic of the countervailing pressures of society.Emerson gradually moved away from the religious and social beliefs of his contemporaries, formulating and expressing the philosophy of Transcendentalism in his 1836 essay, Nature. Ralph_Waldo_Emerson | |
| Red-black tree red-black tree is a type of self-balancing binary search tree, a data structure used in computer science, typically used to implement associative arrays. The original structure was invented in 1972 by Rudolf Bayer who called them "symmetric binary B-trees", but acquired its modern name in a paper in 1978 by Leonidas J. Red-black_tree | |
| Μ-recursive function In mathematical logic and computer science, the μ-recursive functions are a class of partial functions from natural numbers to natural numbers which are "computable" in an intuitive sense. In fact, in computability theory it is shown that the μ-recursive functions are precisely the functions that can be computed by Turing machines. Μ-recursive_function | |
| Reed College Talk:Reed_College | |
| Set (mathematics) A set is a collection of distinct objects, considered as an object in its own right. Sets are one of the most fundamental concepts in mathematics. Although it was invented at the end of the 19th century, set theory is now a ubiquitous part of mathematics, and can be used as a foundation from which nearly all of mathematics can be derived. In mathematics education, elementary topics such as Venn diagrams are taught at a young age, while more advanced concepts are taught as part of a university degree. Set_(mathematics) | |
| Socrates Socrates | |
| Socrates Talk:Socrates | |
| Swedish people Swedish_people | |
| Sun The Sun () is the star at the center of the Solar System. The Earth and other matter (including other planets, asteroids, meteoroids, comets, and dust) orbit the Sun, which by itself accounts for about 98.6% of the Solar System's mass. The mean distance of the Sun from the Earth is approximately , and its light travels this distance in 8 minutes and 19 seconds. Sun |
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