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English Wikipedia references for Pnas.org 401-450 of 1985
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| Negrito Talk:Negrito | |
| N-ethylmaleimide sensitive fusion protein N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor, also known as NSF or N-ethylmaleimide sensitive fusion proteins, is an enzyme which in humans is encoded by the NSF gene. N-ethylmaleimide_sensitive_fusion_protein | |
| Candida albicans Candida albicans is a diploid fungus (a form of yeast), which is capable of sexual reproduction but not of meiosis, and a causal agent of opportunistic oral and genital infections in humans. Systemic fungal infections (fungemias) have emerged as important causes of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients (e.g., Candida_albicans | |
| Ascariasis Ascariasis is a human disease caused by the parasitic roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides. Perhaps as many as one quarter of the world's people are infected, and ascariasis is particularly prevalent in tropical regions and in areas of poor hygiene. Other species of the genus Ascaris are parasitic and can cause disease in domestic animals.Infection occurs through ingestion of food contaminated with feces containing Ascaris eggs. Ascariasis | |
| Anterior cingulate cortex The Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is the frontal part of the cingulate cortex, that resembles a "collar" form around the corpus callosum, the fibrous bundle that relays neural signals between the right and left cerebral hemispheres of the brain. It includes both the ventral and dorsal areas of the cingulate cortex, and appears to play a role in a wide variety of autonomic functions, such as regulating blood pressure and heart rate, as well as rational cognitive functions, such as reward anticipation, decision-making, empathy and emotion. Anterior_cingulate_cortex | |
| Calcium metabolism Calcium metabolism or calcium homeostasis is the mechanism by which the body maintains adequate calcium levels. Derangements of this mechanism lead to hypercalcemia or hypocalcemia, which both can have important consequences for health. Calcium_metabolism | |
| Antifreeze protein Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) or ice structuring proteins (ISPs) refer to a class of polypeptides produced by certain vertebrates, plants, fungi and bacteria that permit their survival in subzero environments. AFPs bind to small ice crystals to inhibit growth and recrystallization of ice that would otherwise be fatal. There is also increasing evidence that AFPs interact with mammalian cell membranes to protect from cold damage. This work suggests the involvement of AFPs in cold acclimatization. Antifreeze_protein | |
| Ice core An ice core is a core sample from the accumulation of snow and ice over many years that have re-crystallized and have trapped air bubbles from previous time periods. The composition of these ice cores, especially the presence of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes, provides a picture of the climate at the time.Because water molecules containing heavier isotopes exhibit a lower vapor pressure, when the temperature falls, the heavier water molecules will condense faster than the normal water molecules. Ice_core | |
| Crassulacean acid metabolism Crassulacean acid metabolism, also known as CAM photosynthesis, is an elaborate carbon fixation pathway in some plants. These plants fix carbon dioxide () during the night, storing it as the four carbon acid malate. The is released during the day, where it is concentrated around the enzyme RuBisCO, increasing the efficiency of photosynthesis. The CAM pathway allows stomata to remain shut during the day; therefore it is especially common in plants adapted to arid conditions. Crassulacean_acid_metabolism | |
| Earth's magnetic field Talk:Earth's_magnetic_field | |
| Celtis For the German Renaissance scholar, see Conrad Celtes. For the town, see Celtis, Missouri. For the tractor by CLAAS, see Claas CeltisHackberry (Celtis) is a genus of about 60-70 species of deciduous trees widespread in warm temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, in southern Europe, southern and eastern Asia, and southern and central North America, south to central Africa, and South America. The genus is present in the fossil record at least since the Miocene of Europe. Celtis | |
| Australopithecus afarensis Australopithecus afarensis is an extinct hominid which lived between 3.9 and 2.9 million years ago. In common with the younger Australopithecus africanus, A. afarensis was slenderly built. From analysis it has been thought that A. afarensis was ancestral to both the genus Australopithecus and the genus Homo, which includes the modern human species, Homo sapiens.. Australopithecus_afarensis | |
| Phagocyte Phagocytes are the white blood cells that protect the body by ingesting (phagocytosing) harmful foreign particles, bacteria and dead or dying cells. They are essential for fighting infections, and for subsequent immunity. Phagocytes are important throughout the animal kingdom, and are highly developed in vertebrates. Phagocyte | |
| Juvenile hormone Juvenile hormones (JHs) are a group of acyclic sesquiterpenoids that regulate many aspects of insect physiology, such as development, reproduction, diapause, and polyphenisms. In insects, JH (also neotenin) refers to a group of hormones which ensure growth of the larva, while preventing metamorphosis. Because of their rigid exoskeleton, insects can grow only by periodically shedding their exoskeleton (a process known as molting). Juvenile_hormone | |
| Non-standard cosmology Talk:Non-standard_cosmology | |
| Urheimat Urheimat (German:ur- original, ancient; Heimat home, homeland) is a linguistic term denoting the original homeland of the speakers of a proto-language. Urheimat | |
| List of important publications in computer science List_of_important_publications_in_computer_science | |
| Lapita For the fly genus, see Lapita (fly). Lapita is the common name of an ancient Pacific Ocean archaeological culture which is believed by many archaeologists to be the common ancestor of several cultures in Polynesia, Micronesia, and some areas of Melanesia. The archaeological culture and its characteristic pottery are named after the type site at which it was first found, Lapita, which is located on the Pacific island of New Caledonia. Lapita | |
| Monoplacophora Monoplacophora, meaning “bearing one plate”, is a class of shelled mollusks. These organisms were known only from the fossil record, ranging from the early Cambrian to the mid-Devonian periods (ca. 550 - 380 million years ago) until April 1952, when a living specimen was collected from deep depths in the Middle America Trench off Costa Rica's Pacific coast. Monoplacophora | |
| Oxygen toxicity Oxygen toxicity is a condition resulting from the harmful effects of breathing molecular oxygen () at elevated partial pressures. It is also known as oxygen toxicity syndrome, oxygen intoxication, and hyperoxia. Historically, the central nervous system condition was called the Paul Bert effect, and the pulmonary condition the Lorrain Smith effect, after the researchers who pioneered its discovery and description in the late 19th century. Oxygen_toxicity | |
| Neolithic Europe Neolithic Europe refers to a prehistoric period in which Neolithic technology was present in Europe. This corresponds roughly to a time between 7000 BC (the approximate time of the first farming societies in Greece) and ca. 1700 BC (the beginning of the Bronze Age in Neolithic_Europe | |
| Oreopithecus bambolii Oreopithecus bambolii is a prehistoric primate species from the Miocene epoch whose fossils have been found in Italy (Tuscany and Sardinia) and in East Africa. To date, over 50 individuals have been discovered from the Tuscan mines of Monte Bamboli, Baccinello, Montemassi, Casteani, and Ribolla, making Oreopithecus one of the best-represented fossil apes. Oreopithecus_bambolii | |
| Aspartate carbamoyltransferase Aspartate carbamoyltransferase (also known as ATCase or aspartate transcarbamoylase) catalyzes the first step in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway ().In E. coli, the enzyme is a multi-subunit protein complex composed of 12 subunits (300 kDa in total). The composition of the subunits is C6R6, forming 2 trimers of catalytic subunits (34 kDa) and 3 dimers of regulatory subunits (17 kDa). Aspartate_carbamoyltransferase | |
| Structural alignment Structural alignment is a form of sequence alignment that is based on comparison of shape. These alignments attempt to establish equivalences between two or more polymer structures based on their shape and three-dimensional conformation. This process is usually applied to protein tertiary structures but can also be used for large RNA molecules. Structural_alignment | |
| Metrosideros Metrosideros | |
| Gabapentin Gabapentin (brand name Neurontin) is a GABA analogue. It was originally developed for the treatment of epilepsy, and currently, gabapentin is widely used to relieve pain, especially neuropathic pain. Gabapentin | |
| Swiftlet Swiftlets or cave swiftlets are birds contained within the four genera Aerodramus, Hydrochous, Schoutedenapus and Collocalia. They form the Collocaliini tribe within the swift family Apodidae. The group contains around thirty species mostly confined to southern Asia, south Pacific islands, and northeastern Australia, all within the tropical and subtropical regions. Swiftlet | |
| Little Ice Age Talk:Little_Ice_Age | |
| Flame Robin The Flame Robin (Petroica phoenicea) is a moderately common resident of the coolest parts of south-eastern Australia, including Tasmania. Like the other two red-breasted Petroica robinsScarlet Robin and the Red-capped Robin—robin redbreast. Like many brightly coloured robins of the Petroicidae it is sexually dimorphic. Flame_Robin | |
| Alpha-synuclein Alpha-synuclein also known as SNCA is a protein which in humans is encoded by the SNCA gene. An alpha-synuclein fragment, known as the non-Abeta component (NAC) of Alzheimer's disease amyloid, originally found in an amyloid-enriched fraction, is shown to be a fragment of its precursor protein, NACP, by cloning of the full-length cDNA. Alpha-synuclein | |
| Thomas Cavalier-Smith Thomas (Tom) Cavalier-Smith (born October 21 1942), FRS, FRSC, NERC Professorial Fellow, is a Professor of Evolutionary Biology in the Department of Zoology, at the University of Oxford. He was presented with the International Prize for Biology (a prize of 10 million yen) in 2004 .Cavalier-Smith has published extensively on the classification of protists. Thomas_Cavalier-Smith | |
| Amaranth Talk:Amaranth | |
| Hereditary coproporphyria Hereditary coproporphyria (HCP) is a form of hepatic porphyria associated with a deficiency of the enzyme coproporphyrinogen III oxidase.Hereditary coproporphyria (HCP) is an autosomal dominant genetic disease that causes purple urine, photosensitivity, and attacks of abdominal pain. Symptoms vary from mild to severe and can be regulated with diet and triggered with drug use. Hereditary_coproporphyria | |
| Porphyria cutanea tarda Porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) is the most common subtype of porphyria. The disorder results from low levels of the enzyme responsible for the fifth step in heme production. Heme is a vital molecule for all of the body's organs. It is a component of hemoglobin, the molecule that carries oxygen in the blood.Hepatoerythropoietic porphyria has been described as a homozygous form of porphyria cutanea tarda, although it can also be caused if two different mutations occur at the same locus. Porphyria_cutanea_tarda | |
| Brodmann area 9 Brodmann_area_9 | |
| Reelin Talk:Reelin | |
| Leland H. Hartwell Leland Harrison (Lee) Hartwell (born October 30 1939, in Los Angeles, California) is president and director of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle, Washington. He won the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his contributions to the understanding of the cell cycle through years of studying yeast. Co-recipients of the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine were Paul Nurse and Tim Hunt, whose research focused on the cyclins and other aspects of cell division. Leland_H._Hartwell | |
| Ablation Ablation is defined as the removal of material from the surface of an object by vaporization, chipping, or other erosive processes. The term occurs in space physics associated with atmospheric reentry, in glaciology, medicine and passive fire protection. Ablation | |
| Tanning bed A tanning bed or sunbed is a device emitting ultraviolet radiation (typically 95% UVA and 5% UVB, +/-3%) used to produce a cosmetic tan. Regular tanning beds use several fluorescent lamps that have phosphor blends designed to emit UV in a spectrum that is somewhat similar to the sun. Smaller, home tanning beds usually have 12 to 28 100 watt lamps while systems found in salons can run from 24 to 60 lamps, each consuming 100 to 200 watts. Tanning_bed | |
| Cofactor (biochemistry) A cofactor is a non-protein chemical compound that is bound (either tightly or loosely) to a protein and is required for the protein's biological activity. These proteins are commonly enzymes and cofactors can be considered "helper molecules/ions" that assist in biochemical transformations. Cofactor_(biochemistry) | |
| Toll-like receptor Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that play a key role in the adaptive immune system. They are single membrane-spanning non-catalytic receptors that recognize structurally conserved molecules derived from microbes. Once these microbes have breached physical barriers such as the skin or intestinal tract mucosa, they are recognized by TLRs which activates immune cell responses. Toll-like_receptor | |
| Carolina Bay Carolina bays are elliptical depressions concentrated along the Atlantic seaboard within coastal Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Georgia, and northcentral Florida (Prouty 1952, Kaczorowski 1977). In Maryland, they are called Maryland basins (Rasmussen and Slaughter 1955).Other landform depressions, not widely accepted as Carolina bays, are found within the northern Gulf of Mexico coastal plain within southeast Mississippi and Alabama where they are known as either Grady ponds or Citronelle ponds (Otvos 1976, Folkerts 1997). Carolina_Bay | |
| Basal metabolic rate Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the amount of energy expended while at rest in a neutrally temperate environment, in the post-absorptive state (meaning that the digestive system is inactive, which requires about twelve hours of fasting in humans). The release of energy in this state is sufficient only for the functioning of the vital organs, such as the heart, lungs, brain and the rest of the nervous system, liver, kidneys, sex organs, muscles and skin. Basal_metabolic_rate | |
| Daydream A daydream is a visionary fantasy experienced while awake, especially one of happy, pleasant thoughts, hopes or ambitions. There are so many different types of daydreaming that there is still no consensus definition amongst psychologists. Daydream | |
| Behavioral modernity Behavioral modernity is a term used in anthropology, archeology and sociology to refer to a list of traits that distinguish present day humans and their recent ancestors from both living primates and other extinct hominid lineages. It is the point at which Homo sapiens began to demonstrate a reliance on abstract thought and to express cultural creativity. These developments are often thought to be associated with the origin of language. Behavioral_modernity | |
| Nociceptor nociceptor is a sensory receptor that reacts to potentially damaging stimuli by sending nerve signals to the spinal cord and brain. This process, called nociception, usually causes the perception of pain. Nociceptor | |
| Euarchontoglires The Euarchontoglires (synonymous with Supraprimates) are a mammalian superorder based on molecular genetic sequence analyses and retrotransposon presence/absence data, combining the Glires clade, which consists of the Rodentia and the Lagomorpha, with that of the Euarchonta, a clade consisting of the Scandentia, the Primates (which includes humans) and the Dermoptera.The Euarchontoglires probably split from the Laurasiatheria sister group about 85 to 95 million years ago during the Cretaceous. Euarchontoglires | |
| Catalepsy This page is about the medical condition, for the deathcore band, see Catalepsy (band)Catalepsy is a nervous condition characterized by muscular rigidity and fixity of posture regardless of external stimuli, as well as decreased sensitivity to pain. Catalepsy | |
| Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia or the dopamine hypothesis of psychosis is a model attributing symptoms of schizophrenia (like psychoses) to a disturbed and hyperactive dopaminergic signal transduction. The model draws evidence from the observation that a large number of antipsychotics have DA-antagonistic effects. The theory, however, does not posit dopamine overabundance as a complete explanation for schizophrenia. Dopamine_hypothesis_of_schizophrenia | |
| Brain-derived neurotrophic factor Brain-derived neurotrophic factor also known as BDNF is a protein encoded by the BDNF gene. BDNF is a member of the "neurotrophin" family of growth factors – which are related to the canonical "Nerve Growth Factor", NGF. Neurotrophic factors are found in the brain and the periphery. Brain-derived_neurotrophic_factor |
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