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English Wikipedia references for Pnas.org 351-400 of 1985
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| Sugar Talk:Sugar | |
| Glyphosate Glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine) is a broad-spectrum systemic herbicide, typically sprayed and absorbed through the leaves, injected into the trunk, or applied to the stump of a tree, used to kill weeds, especially perennials and broadcast or used in the cut-stump treatment as a forestry herbicide. Glyphosate | |
| Buddhism and science Buddhism and science have increasingly been discussed as compatible and Buddhism has increasingly entered into the ongoing science and religion dialog. The case is made that the philosophic and psychological teachings within Buddhism share commonalities with modern scientific and philosophic thought or at least are less at odds with them. Buddhism_and_science | |
| Solar variation Solar variations are changes in the amount of solar radiation emitted by the Sun. There are periodic components to these variations, the principal one being the 11-year solar cycle (or sunspot cycle), as well as aperiodic fluctuations. Solar activity has been measured via satellites during recent decades and through 'proxy' variables in prior times. Solar_variation | |
| Optical tweezers optical tweezer is a scientific instrument that uses a focused laser beam to provide an attractive or repulsive force (typically on the order of piconewtons), depending on the refractive index mismatch to physically hold and move microscopic dielectric objects. Optical tweezers have been particularly successful in studying a variety of biological systems in recent years. Optical_tweezers | |
| Human chorionic gonadotropin Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a glycoprotein hormone produced in pregnancy that is made by the developing embryo soon after conception and later by the syncytiotrophoblast (part of the placenta). Its role is to prevent the disintegration of the corpus luteum of the ovary and thereby maintain progesterone production that is critical for a pregnancy in humans. Human_chorionic_gonadotropin | |
| Negrito The term Negrito refers to several ethnic groups in isolated parts of Southeast Asia. Their current populations include the Aeta, Agta, Ayta, Ati, Dumagat and at least 25 other tribes of the Philippines, the Semang of the Malay peninsula, the Mani of Thailand and 12 Andamanese tribes of the Andaman Islands of the Indian Ocean. Negrito | |
| Ecological footprint ecological footprint is a measure of human demand on the Earth's ecosystems. It compares human demand with planet Earth's ecological capacity to regenerate. It represents the amount of biologically productive land and sea area needed to regenerate the resources a human population consumes and to absorb and render harmless the corresponding waste. Ecological_footprint | |
| Alpha-Amanitin alpha-Amanitin or α-amanitin is a cyclic peptide of eight amino acids. It is possibly the most deadly of all the amatoxins, toxins found in several members of the Amanita genus of mushrooms, one being the Death cap (Amanita phalloides) as well as the Destroying angel, a complex of similar species, principally A. virosa and A. bisporigera. It is also found in the mushrooms Galerina marginata and Conocybe filaris. The oral of amanitin is approximately 0.1 Alpha-Amanitin | |
| Shing-Tung Yau Shing-Tung Yau (; born April 4, 1949) is a Chinese American mathematician working in differential geometry, and involved in the theory of Calabi-Yau manifolds. Shing-Tung_Yau | |
| Evolution of flagella/references Talk:Evolution_of_flagella/references | |
| Bryophyte Bryophytes are all embryophytes ('land plants') that are non-vascular:vascular tissue that circulates liquids. They neither have flowers nor produce seeds, reproducing via spores. The term bryophyte comes from Greek βρύον - bryon, "tree-moss, oyster-green" + φυτόν - fyton "plant". Bryophyte | |
| Estrogen Talk:Estrogen | |
| Sperm Whale Sperm_Whale | |
| RuBisCO Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase, most commonly known by the shorter name RuBisCO, is an enzyme () that is used in the Calvin cycle to catalyze the first major step of carbon fixation, a process by which the atoms of atmospheric carbon dioxide are made available to organisms in the form of energy-rich molecules such as sucrose. RuBisCO catalyzes either the carboxylation or the oxygenation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (also known as RuBP) with carbon dioxide or oxygen. RuBisCO | |
| Congenital disorder Congenital disorder involves defects in or damage to a developing fetus. It may be the result of genetic abnormalities, the intrauterine (uterus) environment, errors of morphogenesis, or a chromosomal abnormality. The outcome of the disorder will further depend on complex interactions between the pre-natal deficit and the post-natal environment. Congenital_disorder | |
| Orthomolecular medicine Orthomolecular medicine, or megavitamin therapy, is a form of complementary and alternative medicine that seeks to prevent or treat diseases with nutrients prescribed as dietary supplements or derived from diets. Orthomolecular_medicine | |
| Darwin's finches Darwin's finches (also known as the Galápagos Finches or as Geospizinae) are 13 or 14 separate combinatory species of Passerine birds (related to American Emberizidae or Tanagers rather than European finches) related to a group that Charles Darwin collected on the Galápagos Islands during the voyage of the Beagle. Darwin's_finches | |
| Handicap principle The handicap principle is a hypothesis originally proposed in 1975 by biologist Amotz Zahavi to explain how evolution may lead to "honest" or reliable signaling between animals who have an obvious motivation to bluff or deceive each other. The handicap principle suggests that reliable signals must be costly to the signaler, costing the signaler something that an individual with less of that trait could not afford. Handicap_principle | |
| Efficient-market hypothesis Talk:Efficient-market_hypothesis | |
| Sooty Shearwater The Sooty Shearwater (Puffinus griseus) is a medium-large shearwater in the seabird family Procellariidae. In New Zealand it is also known by its Māori name tītī and as "muttonbird", like its relatives the Wedge-tailed Shearwater (P. pacificus) and the Australian Short-tailed Shearwater (P. Sooty_Shearwater | |
| Cetacean intelligence Cetacean intelligence denotes the cognitive capabilities of the cetacean order of mammals and especially the various species of dolphin. Cetaceans include whales, porpoises, and dolphins, and while all are broadly considered intelligent, dolphins have generated the most attention as their capabilities appear to be of a different order than that of their relatives, who, it should be noted, are much less observed, and thus, more difficult to study. Cetacean_intelligence | |
| Models of migration to the New World models of migration to the New World proposed by the archaeological community. The question of how, when and why humans first entered the Americas is of intense interest to archaeologists and anthropologists and has been a subject of heated debate for centuries. As new discoveries come to light, past hypotheses are reevaluated and new theories constructed. Models_of_migration_to_the_New_World | |
| Ailuropoda Ailuropoda is an ursid genus containing five species of giant pandas. Only one species, the Giant Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) currently exists; the other four species are prehistoric chronospecies. Despite its taxonomic classification as a carnivore, the panda has a diet that is primarily herbivorous, which consists almost exclusively of bamboo. Pandas are descended from Ailurarctos, which lived during the late Miocene Ailuropoda | |
| Cotton Talk:Cotton | |
| Song Sparrow The Song Sparrow, Melospiza melodia, is a medium-sized American sparrow.Adults have brown upperparts with dark streaks on the back and are white underneath with dark streaking and a dark brown spot in the middle of the breast. They have a brown cap and a long brown rounded tail. Their face is grey with a streak through the eye. For subspecies, see below. Song_Sparrow | |
| Resveratrol Resveratrol (trans-resveratrol) is a phytoalexin produced naturally by several plants when under attack by pathogens such as bacteria or fungi. Resveratrol has also been produced by chemical synthesis and is sold as a nutritional supplement derived primarily from Japanese knotweed. Resveratrol | |
| DEET N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide, abbreviated DEET, is the most common active ingredient in insect repellents. It is intended to be applied to the skin or to clothing, and is primarily used to repel mosquitoes. In particular, DEET protects against tick bites (preventing several rickettsioses, tick-borne meningoencephalitis and other tick-borne diseases) and mosquito bites (which transmit dengue fever, West Nile virus, Eastern Equine Encephalitis, and malaria). DEET | |
| Outline of ants Ants are social insects of the family Formicidae and, along with the related families of wasps and bees, belong to the order Hymenoptera. Ants evolved from wasp-like ancestors in the mid-Cretaceous period between 110 and 130flowering plants. Today, more than 12,000 species are classified. Outline_of_ants | |
| Seglea User_talk:Seglea | |
| Hydrothermal vent A hydrothermal vent is a fissure in a planet's surface from which geothermally heated water issues. Hydrothermal vents are commonly found near volcanically active places, areas where tectonic plates are moving apart, ocean basins, and hotspots. Hydrothermal vents are locally very common because the earth is both geologically active and has large amounts of water on its surface and within its crust. Hydrothermal_vent | |
| Gene regulatory network A gene regulatory network or genetic regulatory network (GRN) is a collection of DNA segments in a cell which mRNA. In general, each mRNA molecule goes on to make a specific protein (or set of proteins). In some cases this protein will be structural, and will accumulate at the cell-wall or within the cell to give it particular structural properties. Gene_regulatory_network | |
| Poliovirus Poliovirus, the causative agent of poliomyelitis, is a human enterovirus and member of the family of Picornaviridae. Poliovirus is composed of a RNA genome and a protein capsid. The genome is single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome that is about 7500 nucleotides long. Poliovirus | |
| Substitution matrix Substitution_matrix | |
| Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, abbreviated NAD+, is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, since it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groupsadenine base, and the other containing nicotinamide.In metabolism, NAD+ is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide | |
| House Finch The House Finch (Carpodacus mexicanus) is a medium-sized finch of the Rosefinch genus. House_Finch | |
| Long-term potentiation In neuroscience, long-term potentiation (LTP) is the long-lasting improvement in communication between two neurons that results from stimulati Long-term_potentiation | |
| Venus' Flower Basket The Venus' Flower Basket, or Euplectella aspergillum, is the only Hexactenellida in the phylum Porifera to be used in hobbyists' aquariums. This is because Hexactinellid sponges are mainly deep ocean sponges that are not suitable for domestic aquarium environments. In traditional Asian cultures, this particular sponge was given as a wedding gift because certain bioluminescent shrimp Venus'_Flower_Basket | |
| AMPA receptor The α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (also known as AMPA receptor, AMPAR, or quisqualate receptor) is a non-NMDA-type ionotropic transmembrane receptor for glutamate that mediates fast synaptic transmission in the central nervous system (CNS). Its name is derived from its ability to be activated by the artificial glutamate analog, AMPA. AMPARs are found in many parts of the brain and are the most commonly found receptor in the nervous system. AMPA_receptor | |
| Frans de Waal Frans B.M. de Waal, PhD (born 29 October 1948, 's-Hertogenbosch), is a Dutch psychologist, primatologist and ethologist. He is the Charles Howard Candler professor of Primate Behavior in the Emory University psychology department in Atlanta, Georgia, and director of the Living Links Center at the Yerkes National Primate Research Center and author of numerous books including Chimpanzee Politics and Our Inner Ape. Frans_de_Waal | |
| Tunicate Tunicate, also known as urochordata, tunicata (and by the common names of urochordates, sea squirts, and sea pork) is a subphylum of a group of underwater saclike filter feeders with incurrent and excurrent siphons, that are members of the phylum Chordata. Most tunicates feed by filtering sea water through pharyngeal slits, but some are sub-marine predators such as the Megalodicopia hians. Tunicate | |
| Decline in amphibian populations declines in amphibian populations, including population crashes and mass localized extinctions, have been noted since the 1980s from locations all over the world. These declines are perceived as one of the most critical threats to global biodiversity, and several causes are believed to be involved, including disease, habitat destruction and modification, exploitation, pollution, pesticide use, introduced species, climate change, and increased ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B). Decline_in_amphibian_populations | |
| Brown-headed Cowbird Brown-headed_Cowbird | |
| Nanobacterium Nanobacteria is the name of a proposed class of living organisms; specifically cell-walled microorganisms with a size much smaller than the generally accepted lower limit size for life (about 200 nanometres for bacteria). Originally based on observed nano-scale structures in geological formations (including some meteorites), the status of nanobacteria is controversial uridine, while other investigators attribute to them a simpler, abiotic nature. Nanobacterium | |
| Archaeopteryx Talk:Archaeopteryx | |
| Crenarchaeota In taxonomy, the Crenarchaeota (Greek for "spring old quality") (also known as Crenarchaea or eocytes) are a phylum of the Archaea. Initially, the Crenarchaeota were thought to be extremophiles (e.g., thermophilic and psychrophilic organisms) but recent studies have identified them as the most abundant archaea in the marine environment. Crenarchaeota | |
| Günter Wächtershäuser Günter Wächtershäuser (born 1938), a German chemist turned patent lawyer, is mainly known for his work on the origin of life, and in particular his iron-sulfur world theory, a theory that life on Earth had hydrothermal origins. The theory is consistent with the hypothesis that life originated near seafloor hydrothermal vents. Günter_Wächtershäuser | |
| Iron-sulfur world theory iron-sulfur world theory is a set of proposals for the origin of life and the early evolution of life advanced by Günter Wächtershäuser, a Munich chemist and patent lawyer, involving forms of iron and sulfur. It was developed by retrodiction from extant biochemistry in conjunction with chemical experiments. Iron-sulfur_world_theory | |
| Exercise physiology Exercise physiology is the study of the function of the human body during various acute and chronic exercise conditions. These effects are significant during both short, high intensity exercise as well as with prolonged strenuous exercise such as done in endurance sports like marathons, ultramarathons, and road bicycle racing. Exercise_physiology | |
| Philip Warren Anderson Philip Warren Anderson (born December 13, 1923) is an American physicist and Nobel laureate. Anderson has made contributions to the theories of localization, antiferromagnetism and high-temperature superconductivity. Philip_Warren_Anderson |
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