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English Wikipedia references for Pnas.org 301-350 of 1985
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| Sesamoid bone anatomy, a sesamoid bone is a bone embedded within a tendon.Sesamoid bones are typically found in locations where a tendon passes over a joint, such as the hand, knee, and foot. Functionally, they act to protect the tendon and to increase its mechanical effect. Sesamoid_bone | |
| Asteraceae Talk:Asteraceae | |
| Hepatitis D Hepatitis D, also referred to as Hepatitis D virus (HDV) and classified as Hepatitis delta virus, is a disease caused by a small circular RNA virus. HDV is considered to be a subviral satellite because it can propagate only in the presence of another virus, the Hepatitis B virus (HBV). Transmission of HDV can occur either via simultaneous infection with HBV (coinfection) or via infection of an individual previously infected with HBV (superinfection). Hepatitis_D | |
| Genetically modified food Genetically modified (GM) foods are foods derived from genetically modified organisms. The DNA of genetically modified organisms has been modified through genetic engineering, unlike similar food organisms developed through the conventional genetic modification of selective breeding (plant breeding and animal breeding) or mutation breeding. Genetically_modified_food | |
| Conservation biology Conservation biology is the scientific study of the nature and status of Earth's biodiversity with the aim of protecting species, their habitats, and ecosystems from excessive rates of extinction. It is an interdisciplinary subject drawing on sciences, economics, and the practice of natural resource management. Conservation_biology | |
| Eutheria Eutheria (Greek:mammals consisting of placental mammals plus all extinct mammals that are more closely related to living placentals (such as humans) than to living marsupials (such as kangaroos). They are distinguished from non-eutherians by various features of the feet, ankles, jaws and teeth. One of the major differences between placental and non-placental eutherians is that placentals lack the epipubic bones, which are present in all other fossil and living mammals. Eutheria | |
| Erythropoietin Erythropoietin, or its alternative erythropoetin (, , or ) or EPO, is a glycoprotein hormone that controls erythropoiesis, or red blood cell production. It is a cytokine for erythrocyte (red blood cell) precursors in the bone marrow. Also called hematopoietin or hemopoietin, it is produced by the peritubular capillary endothelial cells in the kidney, and is the hormone that regulates red blood cell production. Erythropoietin | |
| Petroicidae The bird family Petroicidae includes roughly 45 species in about 15 genera. All are endemic to Australasia or nearby areas. For want of a more accurate common name, the family is often described as the Australasian robins. The family occurs in New Guinea, Australia and numerous Pacific Islands as far east as Samoa. Petroicidae | |
| Firmicutes The Firmicutes (Latin:firmus, strong, and cutis, skin, referring to the cell wall) are a phylum of bacteria, most of which have Gram-positive cell wall structure. A few, the Mollicutes or mycoplasmas, lack cell walls altogether and so do not respond to Gram staining, but still lack the second membrane found in other Gram-negative forms. Firmicutes | |
| Cycad Cycads are a group of seed plants characterized by a large crown of compound leaves and a stout trunk. They are evergreen, gymnospermous, dioecious plants having large pinnately compound leaves. They are frequently confused with and mistaken for palms or ferns, but are related to neither, belonging to the division Cycadophyta. Cycad | |
| Secretin Secretin is an anti-Müllerian hormone produced in the S cells of the duodenum in the crypts of Lieberkühn. Its primary effect is to regulate the pH of the duodenal contents via the control of gastric acid secretion and buffering with bicarbonate. It was the first hormone to be identified (see Discovery). In humans, the secretin peptide is encoded by the SCT gene. Secretin | |
| Oxytocin Oxytocin () is a mammalian hormone that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain.It is best known for its roles in female reproductioncervix and vagina during labor, and after stimulation of the nipples, facilitating birth and breastfeeding, respectively. Recent studies have begun to investigate oxytocin's role in various behaviors, including orgasm, social recognition, pair bonding, anxiety, trust, love, and maternal behaviors. Oxytocin | |
| Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, usually referred to as PNAS, is the official journal of the United States National Academy of Sciences. PNAS is an important scientific journal that printed its first issue in 1915 and continues to publish highly cited research reports, commentaries, reviews, perspectives, feature articles, profiles, letters to the editor, and actions of the Academy. Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences | |
| Cro-Magnon Cro-Magnon (, French ) is one of the main types of anatomically modern humans of the European Upper Paleolithic, the term being used for fossil specimens dated approximately 40,000 to 10,000 years ago. It is named after the cave of Crô-Magnon in southwest France, where the first specimen was found.The term falls outside the usual naming conventions for early humans and is used in a general sense to describe the oldest modern people in Europe, though also a specific (but very frequent) subtype among their fossil remains. Cro-Magnon | |
| Foie gras Foie gras ( in English; French for "fat liver") is a food product made of the liver of a duck or goose that has been specially fattened. This fattening is typically achieved through gavage (force-feeding) corn, according to French law, though outside of France it is also produced using natural feeding. Pâté du foie gras was formerly known as "Strasbourg pie" in English due to that city being a major producer of this food product. Foie_gras | |
| Fock space Fock space is an algebraic system used in quantum mechanics to describe quantum states with a variable or unknown number of particles. It is named after V. A. Fock.Technically, the Fock space is the Hilbert space made from the direct sum of tensor products of single-particle Hilbert spaces Fock_space | |
| Krill Krill are a type of shrimp-like marine invertebrate animal. These small crustaceans are important organisms of the zooplankton, particularly as food for baleen whales, manta rays, whale sharks, crabeater seals, and other seals, and a few seabird species that feed almost exclusively on them. Another name is euphausiids, after their taxonomic order Euphausiacea. The name krill comes from the Norwegian word meaning "young fry of fish," which is also often attributed to other species of fish. Krill | |
| Humpback Whale The humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) is a Baleen whale. One of the larger rorqual species, adults range in length from 12lb). The humpback has a distinctive body shape, with unusually long pectoral fins and a knobbly head. It is an acrobatic animal, often breaching and slapping the water. Males produce a complex whale song, which lasts for 10 to 20 minutes and is repeated for hours at a time. The purpose of the song is not yet clear, although it appears to have a role in mating. Humpback_Whale | |
| Gulf War syndrome Talk:Gulf_War_syndrome | |
| Diazepam Diazepam (), first marketed as Valium by Hoffmann-La Roche, is a benzodiazepine derivative drug. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, hypnotic, sedative, skeletal muscle relaxant and amnestic properties. It is commonly used for treating anxiety, insomnia, seizures, muscle spasms, alcohol withdrawal and benzodiazepine withdrawal. It may also be used before certain medical procedures (such as endoscopies) to reduce tension and anxiety, and in some surgical procedures to induce amnesia. Diazepam | |
| Heliozoa Heliozoa are phagotrophs. They are roughly spherical amoeboids with many stiff, microtubule-supported projections called axopods radiating outward from the cell surface. These give them the characteristic sun-like appearance for which they are named, and are variously used for capturing food, sensation, movement, and attachment. Heliozoa | |
| Bombardier beetle Bombardier Beetles are ground beetles (Carabidae) in the tribes Brachinini, Paussini, Ozaenini, or Metriini—more than 500 species altogether—that are most notable for the defense mechanism that gives them their nameglands in its abdomen. The ejection is accompanied with a popping sound. Bombardier_beetle | |
| Mycetozoa Mycetozoa is a grouping of slime molds. Mycetozoa | |
| Amniote The amniotes are a group of tetrapod vertebrates that have a terrestrially adapted egg. They include mammals, birds and reptiles, as well as their fossil ancestors. Amniote embryos, whether laid as eggs or carried by the female, are protected and aided by several extensive membranes. In humans, these membranes include the amniotic sac that surrounds the fetus. These embryonic membranes, and the lack of a larval stage, distinguish amniotes from tetrapod amphibians. Amniote | |
| Ribozyme ribozyme (from ribonucleic acid enzyme, also called RNA enzyme or catalytic RNA) is an RNA molecule that catalyzes a chemical reaction. Many natural ribozymes catalyze either the hydrolysis of one of their own phosphodiester bonds, or the hydrolysis of bonds in other RNAs, but they have also been found to catalyze the aminotransferase activity of the ribosome. Ribozyme | |
| White hole In astrophysics, a white hole is the theoretical time reversal of a black hole. While matter that crosses the event horizon, a white hole acts as a source that ejects matter from its event horizon. The sign of the acceleration is invariant under time reversal, so both black and white holes attract matter. The only potential difference between them is in the behavior at the horizon. White_hole | |
| Dimorphid The dimorphids or heliomonads are a small group of heliozoa that are unusual in possessing flagella throughout their life-cycle. There are two genera Dimorpha, a tiny organism found in freshwater the larger Tetradimorpha, which is distinguished by having four rather than two flagella. Dimorphid | |
| Mimicry Biological mimicry occurs when a group of organisms, the mimics, have evolved to share common perceived characteristics with another group, the models, through the selective action of a signal-receiver or dupe. Collectively this is known as a mimicry complex. Mimicry | |
| Recent African origin of modern humans In paleoanthropology, the recent African origin of modern humans is the mainstream model describing the origin and early dispersal of anatomically modern humans, Homo sapiens sapiens. The theory is known popularly as the (Recent) Out-of-Africa model, and academically also as the recent single-origin hypothesis (RSOH), Replacement Hypothesis or Recent African Origin (RAO) model. Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans | |
| Recent African origin of modern humans Talk:Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans | |
| Ratite Talk:Ratite | |
| Multiregional origin of modern humans The multiregional hypothesis is a theory of how anatomically modern humans, Homo sapiens sapiens, evolved with a worldwide distribution. The multiregional hypothesis holds that the evolution of humanity from the beginning of the Pleistocene 1.8 million years BP to the present day has been within a single, continuous human species, evolving worldwide from Homo erectus to modern Homo sapiens. Multiregional_origin_of_modern_humans | |
| Nipple Talk:Nipple | |
| Divergent boundary In plate tectonics, a divergent boundary or divergent plate boundary (also known as a constructive boundary or an extensional boundary) is a linear feature that exists between two tectonic plates that are moving away from each other. These areas can form in the middle of continents but eventually form ocean basins. Divergent_boundary | |
| Hyoid bone The hyoid bone (lingual bone) (Latin os hyoideum) is a horseshoe shaped bone situated in the anterior midline of the neck between the chin and the thyroid cartilage. At rest, it lies at the level of the base of the mandible in the front and the third cervical vertebra behind.It is the only bone in the human skeleton not articulated to any other bone. Hyoid_bone | |
| Renin Renin ( ), also known as Angiotensinogenase, is a circulating enzyme that participates in the body's renin-angiotensin system (RAS) that mediates extracellular volume (i.e. that of the blood plasma, lymph and interstitial fluid), and arterial vasoconstriction. Thus it regulates the body's mean arterial blood pressure. Renin | |
| Featured article candidates Wikipedia:Featured_article_candidates | |
| Peking Man Peking Man (), also called Sinanthropus pekinensis (currently Homo erectus pekinensis), is an example of Homo erectus. A group of fossil specimens was discovered in 1923-27 during excavations at Zhoukoudian (Chou K'ou-tien) near Beijing (at that time known as Peking), China. More recently, the finds have been dated from roughly 500,000 years ago, although a new 26Al/10Be dating suggests they may be as much as 680,000-780,000 years old. Peking_Man | |
| Old World babbler The Old World babblers or timaliids are a large family of mostly Old World passerine birds. They are rather diverse in size and coloration, but are characterised by soft fluffy plumage. These are birds of tropical areas, with the greatest variety in southeast Asia. Old_World_babbler | |
| Parrotbill Parrotbill may also be used as a colloquial shorthand name for the Parrot CrossbillThe parrotbills are a group of peculiar birds native to East and Southeast Asia, though feral populations are known from elsewhere. They are generally small, long-tailed birds which inhabit reedbeds and similar habitat. They feed mainly on seeds, e.g. of grasses, to which their bill, as the name implies, is well-adapted. Living in tropical to southern temperate climates, they are usually non-migratory. Parrotbill | |
| Ergodic theory Ergodic theory is a branch of mathematics that studies dynamical systems invariant measure and related problems. Its initial development was motivated by problems of statistical physics. A central aspect of ergodic theory is the behavior of a dynamical system when it is allowed to run long. Ergodic_theory | |
| Vireo For the record label, see Vireo Records The vireos (sg. ) are a group of small to medium-sized passerine birds (mostly) restricted to the New World. They are typically dull-plumaged and greenish in color, the smaller species resembling wood warblers apart from their heavier bills. They range in size from the Choco Vireo, Dwarf Vireo and Lesser Greenlet, all at around 10 centimeters and 8 grams, to the peppershrikes and shrike-vireos at up to 17 centimeters and 40 grams (Forshaw & Parkes 1991). Vireo | |
| Nepenthes The Nepenthes (, from Greek:ne 'not', penthos 'grief, sorrow'; named after the mythical drug Nepenthe), popularly known as Tropical Pitcher Plants or Monkey Cups, are a genus of carnivorous plants in the monotypic family Nepenthaceae that comprises roughly 120 species, numerous natural and many cultivated hybrids. Nepenthes | |
| Green tea Green tea is a type of tea made solely with the leaves of Camellia sinensis, that has undergone minimal oxidation during processing. Green tea originates from China and has become associated with many cultures in Asia from Japan to the Middle East. Recently, it has become more widespread in the West, where black tea is traditionally consumed. Green_tea | |
| Saturated fat Saturated fat is fat that consists of triglycerides containing only saturated fatty acid radicals. There are several kinds of naturally-occurring saturated fatty acids, which differ by the number of carbon atoms, ranging from 3 carbons (Propionic Acid) to 36 (Hexatriacontanoic acid). Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between the carbon atoms of the fatty acid chain and are thus fully saturated with hydrogen atoms. Saturated_fat | |
| Transgenic plant Transgenic plants possess a gene or genes that have been transferred from a different species. Although DNA of another species can be integrated in a plant genome by natural processes, the term "transgenic plants" refers to plants created in a laboratory using recombinant DNA technology. The aim is to design plants with specific characteristics by artificial insertion of genes from other species or sometimes entirely different kingdoms. See also Genetics, List of genetic engineering topics. Transgenic_plant | |
| Cocaine Talk:Cocaine | |
| Multiple endocrine neoplasia The term multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) encompasses several distinct syndromes featuring tumors of endocrine glands, each with its own characteristic pattern. In some cases, the tumors are malignant, in others, benign. Benign or malignant tumors of nonendocrine tissues occur as components of some of these tumor syndromes.MEN syndromes are inherited as autosomal dominant disorders. Multiple_endocrine_neoplasia | |
| Mira Sorvino Mira Katherine Sorvino (born September 28, 1967) is an American actress. She won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress in 1996 for her performance in Mighty Aphrodite (1995). Mira_Sorvino | |
| Parathyroid gland The parathyroid glands are small endocrine glands in the neck that produce parathyroid hormone. Humans have four parathyroid glands, which are usually located behind the thyroid gland, and, in rare cases, within the thyroid gland or in the chest. Parathyroid glands control the amount of calcium in the blood and within the bones. Parathyroid_gland |
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