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English Wikipedia references for Pnas.org 251-300 of 1985
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| Chimera (genetics) Typically seen in zoology (but also discovered to a rare extent in human beings), a chimera is an animal that has two or more different populations of genetically distinct cells that originated in different zygotes; if the different cells emerged from the same zygote, it is called a mosaicism.Chimeras are formed from four parent cells (two fertilized eggs or early embryos fused together) or from three parent cells (a fertilized egg is fused with an unfertilized egg or a fertilized egg is fused with an extra sperm). Chimera_(genetics) | |
| Fluoride Fluoride is the reduced form of fluorine. Both organic and inorganic compounds containing the element fluorine are considered fluorides. Fluoride, like other halides, is a monovalent ion (−1 charge) anion. But as the lightest halide, its compounds often have properties that are distinctive. Fluoride | |
| Lux lux (symbollx) is the SI unit of illuminance and luminous emittance. It is used in photometry as a measure of the apparent intensity of light hitting or passing through a surface. It is analogous to the radiometric unit watts per square metre, but with the power at each wavelength weighted according to the luminosity function, a standardized model of human brightness perception. In English, "lux" is used in both singular and plural. Lux | |
| Thomas Gold Thomas_Gold | |
| MicroRNA genetics, microRNAs (miRNA) are single-stranded RNA molecules of 21-23 nucleotides in length, which regulate gene expression. miRNAs are encoded by genes from whose DNA they are transcribed but miRNAs are not translated into protein (i.e. they are non-coding RNAs); instead each primary transcript (a pri-miRNA) is processed into a short stem-loop structure called a pre-miRNA and finally into a functional miRNA. MicroRNA | |
| Herbert W. Armstrong Herbert W. Armstrong (31 July 1892 - 16 January 1986) founded the Worldwide Church of God in 1946 and was an early pioneer of radio and tele-evangelism, originally taking to the airwaves in the 1930s from . Armstrong was a controversial figure who promoted an eclectic set of unique theological doctrines and teachings, which are sometimes referred to by critics as Armstrongism. Herbert_W._Armstrong | |
| Eye Eye | |
| Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact describes alleged interactions between the indigenous peoples of the Americas and peoples of other continents – Africa, Asia, Europe, or Oceania – before the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492. Many such contacts have been proposed at various times, based on historical accounts, archaeological finds, and cultural comparisons.However, claims of such contacts are controversial and hotly debated. Pre-Columbian_trans-oceanic_contact | |
| Ratite A ratite is any of a diverse group of large, flightless birds of Gondwanan origin, most of them now extinct. Unlike other flightless birds, the ratites have no keel on their sternum - hence their name which comes from the Latin (ratis) for raft. Without this to anchor their wing muscles they could not fly even if they were to develop suitable wings.Most parts of the former Gondwana have ratites, or have had until the fairly recent past. Their closest living relatives are the tinamous of South America. Ratite | |
| Primatology Primatology is the study of primates. It is a diverse discipline and primatologists can be found in departments of biology, anthropology, psychology and many others. It is a branch of Physical anthropology, which, in itself, studies the genus Homo, especially Homo sapiens. The fields cross over in the study of the hominids, which include all ape-like ancestors of man and the other great apes (for a list of common ancestors with other living species see The Ancestor's Tale). Primatology | |
| Subliminal message A subliminal message is a signal or message embedded in another medium, designed to pass below the normal limits of the human mind's perception. These messages are unrecognizable by the conscious mind, but in certain situations can affect the subconscious mind and can negatively or positively influence subsequent later thoughts, behaviors, actions, attitudes, belief systems and value systems. Subliminal_message | |
| Three-domain system The three-domain system is a biological classification introduced by Carl Woese in 1990 that divides cellular life forms into archaea, bacteria, and eukaryote domains. In particular, it emphasizes the separation of prokaryotes into two groups, originally called Eubacteria and Archaebacteria. Three-domain_system | |
| Phytophthora infestans Phytophthora_infestans | |
| Antonin Scalia (born March 11, 1936) is an American jurist and the second-most senior Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, appointed by Republican President Ronald Reagan. He is considered to be a core member of the conservative wing of the court.Justice Scalia is often characterized as a vigorous proponent of textualism in statutory interpretation and originalism in constitutional interpretation, and a passionate critic of the idea of a Living Constitution Antonin_Scalia | |
| Chaperone (protein) This article is about the protein. For other uses, see Chaperone, a disambiguation page. molecular biology, chaperones are proteins that assist the non-covalent folding/unfolding and the assembly/disassembly of other macromolecular structures, but do not occur in these structures when the latter are performing their normal biological functions. Chaperone_(protein) | |
| Thujone Thujone is a ketone and a monoterpene that exists in two stereoisomeric formsmenthol odor. Even though it is best known for being a chemical in absinthe, recent tests show absinthe contains only small quantities of thujone, and may or may not be responsible for absinthe's reported psychedelic effects. Thujone acts on GABA and 5-HT3 receptors in the brain and exhibits slight psychoactive response . In many countries the amount of thujone allowed in food or drink products is regulated. Thujone | |
| Effects of cannabis This article focuses upon the effects of cannabis on the human body. Cannabis is considered a psychoactive drug, and its effects on the brain are mediated through cannabinoids, most notably tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). In some areas of the world, medical cannabis is prescribed for nausea, pain, and alleviation of symptoms surrounding chronic illness.Acute effects while under the influence can include euphoria, increased appetite, anxiety, temporary short-term memory loss, Effects_of_cannabis | |
| Smilodon Smilodon (), sometimes called sabre-toothed cat, is an extinct genus of large machairodontine saber-toothed cats that lived between approximately 2.5 million to 10,000 years ago in North and South America. They are called "sabre-toothed" for the extreme length of their maxillary canines. Smilodon | |
| Medical cannabis Medical cannabis, (commonly referred to as "Medical marijuana"), refers to the use of the cannabis plant as a physician-recommended drug or herbal therapy, as well as synthetic THC and other cannabinoids. Medical_cannabis | |
| Neutral theory of molecular evolution neutral theory of molecular evolution is an influential theory, which was introduced with effect by Motoo Kimura in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The theory states that the vast majority of evolutionary changes at the molecular level are caused by random drift of selectively neutral mutants. Neutral_theory_of_molecular_evolution | |
| Operon An operon is a functioning unit of key nucleotide sequences of DNA including an operator, a common promoter, and one or more structural genes, which is controlled as a unit to produce messenger RNA (mRNA), in the process of transcription by an RNA polymerase. Operon | |
| Statin statins (or HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) are a class of drugs that lower cholesterol levels in people with or at risk of cardiovascular disease. They lower cholesterol by inhibiting the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, which is the rate-limiting enzyme of the mevalonate pathway of cholesterol synthesis. Statin | |
| Atavism The term atavism (derived from the Latin atavus, a great-grandfather's grandfather; more generally, an ancestor) denotes the tendency to revert to ancestral type. An atavism is an evolutionary throwback, such as traits reappearing which had disappeared generations ago. Atavisms occur because genes for previously existing phenotypical features are often preserved in DNA, even though the genes are not expressed in some or most of the organisms possessing them. Atavism | |
| Neurolinguistics Neurolinguistics is the study of the neural mechanisms in the human brain that control the comprehension, production, and acquisition of language. As an interdisciplinary field, neurolinguistics draws methododology and theory from fields such as neuroscience, linguistics, cognitive science, neurobiology, communication disorders, neuropsychology, and computer science. Neurolinguistics | |
| New World vulture The New World vulture family Cathartidae contains seven species found in warm and temperate areas of the Americas. It includes five vultures and two condors. Excluding Cathartes, all genera are monotypic.New World vultures are not closely genetically related to the superficially similar family of Old World vultures, the similarities between the two groups of vultures being due to convergent evolution. New_World_vulture | |
| Metalloprotein Metalloprotein is a generic term for a protein that contains a metal ion cofactor. Metalloproteins have many different functions in cells, such as enzymes, transport and storage proteins, and signal transduction proteins. Indeed, about one quarter to one third of all proteins require metals to carry out their functions. Metalloprotein | |
| Michael Behe Michael J. Behe (born 1952) is an American biochemist and intelligent design advocate. He currently serves as professor of biochemistry at Lehigh University in Pennsylvania and as a senior fellow of the Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture. Behe is best known for his argument for irreducible complexity, a concept that asserts that some structures are too complex at the biochemical level to be adequately explained as a result of evolutionary mechanisms and thus are the result of intelligent design. Michael_Behe | |
| Japanese people The are the predominant ethnic group of Japan. Worldwide, approximately 130 million people are of Japanese descent; of these, approximately 127 million are residents of Japan. People of Japanese ancestry who live in other countries are referred to as . The term "Japanese people" may also be used in some contexts to refer to a locus of ethnic groups including the Yamato people, Ainu people, and Ryukyuans. Japanese_people | |
| Joseph Henry Joseph Henry (December 17, 1797 – May 13, 1878) was an American scientist who served as the first Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. During his lifetime, he was considered one of the greatest American scientists since Benjamin Franklin. While building electromagnets, Henry discovered the electromagnetic phenomenon of self-inductance. Joseph_Henry | |
| Fasting Fasting is primarily the act of willingly abstaining from some or all food, drink, or both, for a period of time. A fast may be total or partial concerning that from which one fasts, and may be prolonged or intermittent as to the period of fasting. Fasting practices may preclude sexual activity as well as food, in addition to refraining from eating certain types or groups of foods; for example, one might refrain from eating meat. Fasting | |
| John Paul Stevens John Paul Stevens (born April 20, 1920) is the senior Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. He joined the Supreme Court in 1975 and is the oldest member of the Court. He was appointed to the Court by Republican President Gerald Ford. Stevens is widely considered to be on the liberal side of the court. John_Paul_Stevens | |
| Chromatophore Chromatophores are pigment-containing and light-reflecting cells found in amphibians, fish, reptiles, crustaceans, and cephalopods. They are largely responsible for generating skin and eye colour in cold-blooded animals and are generated in the neural crest during embryonic development. Chromatophore | |
| Paramecium Paramecia, also known as Lady Slippers, due to their appearance, are a group of unicellular ciliate protozoa, which are commonly studied as a representative of the ciliate group, and range from about 50 to 350 μm in length, Simple cilia cover the body, which allow the cell to move with a synchronous motion (like a caterpillar). Paramecium | |
| Old World warbler The "Old World Warblers", family Sylviidae are a family of small passerine bird species; the names sylviid warblers or true warblers may be more appropriate. The Sylviidae mainly occur as breeding species, as the name implies, in Europe, Asia and, to a lesser extent Africa. However, most birds of temperate regions are strongly migratory, and winter in the latter continent or tropical Asia. Many are accomplished songbirds, though perhaps not as much as other warblers or some thrushes. Old_World_warbler | |
| Kusunda Kusunda or Ban Raja ("people of the forest"), known to themselves as the Mihaq or Myahq (< *Myahak), are a tribe of former hunter-gatherers of the forests of western Nepal, who are now intermarried with neighboring peoples and settled in villages. The Kusunda are followers of animism, though Hindu overtones may be seen in their religious rituals. Kusunda | |
| Severe acute respiratory syndrome Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS; , ) is a respiratory disease in humans which is caused by the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV). There has been one near pandemic to date, between the months of November 2002 and July 2003, with 8,096 known infected cases and 774 deaths (a case-fatality rate of 9.6%) worldwide being listed in the World Health Organization's (WHO) 21 April 2004 concluding report. Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome | |
| Power law Talk:Power_law | |
| Volvocales Talk:Volvocales | |
| 1918 flu pandemic 1918 flu pandemic (commonly referred to as the Spanish flu) was an influenza pandemic that spread to nearly every part of the world. It was caused by an unusually virulent and deadly Influenza A virus strain of subtype H1N1. Historical and epidemiological data are inadequate to identify the geographic origin of the virus. 1918_flu_pandemic | |
| CpG island CpG islands are genomic regions that contain a high frequency of CpG sites. In mammalian genomes, CpG islands are typically 300-3,000 base pairs in length. They are in and near approximately 40% of promoters of mammalian genes (about 70% in human promoters). CpG_island | |
| Caudofoveata Caudofoveata is a small class within the phylum Mollusca, also known as Chaetodermomorpha. The class is often combined with Solenogastres and termed Aplacophora. However, such a grouping is not monophyletic; molecular data suggests that the caudofoveata are the sister group to the cephalopods.Caudofoveata are small (1-30 mm), mainly deep sea molluscs. Caudofoveata | |
| Cockatoo A cockatoo is any of the 21 bird species belonging to the family Cacatuidae. Along with the Psittacidae family (the true parrots) and the Nestoridae family, they make up the order Psittaciformes. The name cockatoo originated from the Malay name for these birds, kaka(k)tua (either from kaka "parrot" + tuwah, or "older sister" from kakak "sister" + tua, "old"). Cockatoo | |
| Bird migration Bird migration refers to the regular seasonal journeys undertaken by many species of birds. Bird movements include those made in response to changes in food availability, habitat or weather. These however are usually irregular or in only one direction and are termed variously as nomadism, invasions, dispersal or irruptions. Migration is marked by its annual seasonality. In contrast, birds that are non-migratory are known as resident birds. Bird_migration | |
| Excavate The excavates are a major assemblage of unicellular eukaryotes, often known as Excavata. The phylogenetic category Excavata contains a variety of free-living and symbiotic forms, and includes some important parasites of humans. Excavate | |
| Nuthatch The nuthatches are a genus, Sitta, of small passerine birds belonging to the family Sittidae. Characterised by large heads, short tails, and powerful bills and feet, nuthatches advertise their territory using loud, simple songs. Most species exhibit grey or bluish upperparts and a black eye stripe.Most nuthatches breed in the temperate or montane woodlands of the Northern Hemisphere, although two species have adapted to rocky habitats in the warmer and drier regions of Eurasia. Nuthatch | |
| Progeria Progeria (also known as "Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome") is an extremely rare genetic condition wherein symptoms resembling aspects of aging are manifested at an early age. About 1 in 8 million babies are born with this condition, and most affected children have a life span of around 13 years, although many have been known to live into their late teens and early twenties. Progeria | |
| Myxobacteria The myxobacteria ("slime bacteria") are a group of bacteria that predominantly live in the soil. The myxobacteria have very large genomes, relative to other bacteria, e.g. 9-10 million nucleotides. Sorangium cellulosum has the largest known (as of 2008) bacterial genome, at 13.0 million nucleotides. Myxobacteria are included among the delta group of proteobacteria, a large taxon of Gram-negative forms. Myxobacteria | |
| Horizontal gene transfer Horizontal gene transfer (HGT), also Lateral gene transfer (LGT), is any process in which an organism incorporates genetic material from another organism without being the offspring of that organism. By contrast, vertical transfer occurs when an organism receives genetic material from its ancestor, e.g. Horizontal_gene_transfer | |
| Palm wine Palm wine also called Palm Toddy or simply Toddy is an alcoholic beverage created from the sap of various species of palm tree such as the Palmyra, and coconut palms. This drink is common in various parts of Asia and Africa, and goes by various names, such as "emu" and "oguro" in Nigeria, nsafufuo in Ghana, kallu in South India, goribon (Rungus) in Sabah, Borneo, and tuba in the Philippines, Borneo and Mexico. Toddy is also consumed in Sri Lanka and Myanmar. Palm_wine | |
| Compact star In astronomy, the term compact star (sometimes compact object) is used to refer collectively to white dwarfs, neutron stars, other exotic dense stars, and black holes. These objects are all small for their mass. The term compact star is often used when the exact nature of the star is not known, but evidence suggests that it is very massive and has small radius, thus implying one of the above-mentioned possibilities. A compact star which is not a black hole may be called a degenerate star. Compact_star |
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