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English Wikipedia references for Stanford.edu 201-250 of 8415
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| Game theory Game theory is a branch of applied mathematics that is used in the social sciences (most notably economics), biology, engineering, political science, international relations, computer science, and philosophy. Game theory attempts to mathematically capture behavior in strategic situations, in which an individual's success in making choices depends on the choices of others. Game_theory | |
| Galileo Galilei Galileo_Galilei | |
| History of geometry Geometry (Greek γεωμετρία; geo = earth, metria = measure) arose as the field of knowledge dealing with spatial relationships. Geometry was one of the two fields of pre-modern mathematics, the other being the study of numbers. Classic geometry was focused in compass and straightedge constructions. As they are the composition of five elemental constructions over a set of elements, as an algebra over an axiomatic system, the barrier between algebra and geometry began to fade out. History_of_geometry | |
| George Berkeley George Berkeley () (12 March 1685 14 January 1753), also known as Bishop Berkeley, was a philosopher whose primary achievement was the advancement of a theory he called "immaterialism" (later referred to as "subjective idealism" by others). This theory contends that individuals can only directly know sensations and ideas of objects, not abstractions such as "matter." George_Berkeley | |
| George Edward Moore "G.E. Moore" redirects here. For the cofounder of Intel, see Gordon Moore.George Edward Moore OM, usually known as G. E. Moore, (4 November 1873 24 October 1958) was a distinguished and influential English philosopher. He was, with Bertrand Russell, Ludwig Wittgenstein, and (before them) Gottlob Frege, one of the founders of the Analytic tradition in philosophy. George_Edward_Moore | |
| Genus-differentia definition A genus-differentia definition is one in which a word or concept that indicates a species -- a specific type of item, not necessarily a biological category -- is described first by a broader category, the genus, then distinguished from other items in that category by a differentia. Genus-differentia_definition | |
| Johann Gottlieb Fichte Johann Gottlieb Fichte (May 19, 1762 – January 27, 1814) was a German philosopher. He was one of the founding figures of the philosophical movement known as German idealism, a movement that developed from the theoretical and ethical writings of Immanuel Kant. Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte | |
| General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics. It unifies special relativity and Newton's law of universal gravitation, and describes gravity as a geometric property of space and time, or spacetime. General_relativity | |
| Georg Cantor Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor ( – January 6 1918) was a German mathematician, born in Russia. He is best known as the creator of set theory, which has become a fundamental theory in mathematics. Cantor established the importance of one-to-one correspondence between sets, defined infinite and well-ordered sets, and proved that the real numbers are "more numerous" than the natural numbers. Georg_Cantor | |
| George Pappas George Sotiros Pappas (born 1942) is a professor of philosophy at Ohio State University. Pappas specializes in epistemology, the history of early modern philosophy, philosophy of religion, and metaphysics. He is of Greek origin.He is the author of the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on Internalist versus Externalist conceptions of epistemic justification.He was co-editor (with Marshall Swain) of Essays on Knowledge and Justification (1978), regarded as a key anthology of essays relating to the Gettier problem and used as a core text in undergraduate epistemology courses. George_Pappas | |
| Gottfried Leibniz Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (; also Leibnitz or von Leibniz; 1 July 1646 – 14 November 1716) was a German philosopher and mathematician who wrote primarily in Latin and French.He occupies an equally grand place in both the history of philosophy and the history of mathematics. Gottfried_Leibniz | |
| Greenhouse effect greenhouse effect is the heating of the surface of a planet or moon due to the presence of an atmosphere containing gases that absorb and emit infrared radiation. Greenhouse gases, which include water vapor, carbon dioxide and methane, are almost transparent to solar radiation but strongly absorb and emit infrared radiation. Greenhouse_effect | |
| Gödel's ontological proof Gödel's ontological proof is a formalization of Saint Anselm's ontological argument for God's existence by the mathematician Kurt Gödel.St. Anselm's ontological argument, in its most succinct form, is as followsreality. Therefore, God must exist." A more elaborate version was given by Gottfried Leibniz; this is the version that Gödel studied and attempted to clarify with his ontological argument. Gödel's_ontological_proof | |
| Game theory Talk:Game_theory | |
| Google search Google search is a web search engine owned by Google Inc. and is the most-used search engine on the Web. Google receives several hundred million queries each day through its various services. Google search was originally developed by Larry Page and Sergey Brin in 1997.Beyond the original word-search capability, Google_search | |
| Genetic disorder A genetic disorder is an illness caused by abnormalities in genes or chromosomes. While some diseases, such as cancer, are due in part to a genetic disorders, they can also be caused by environmental factors. Most disorders are quite rare and affect one person in every several thousands or millions. Genetic_disorder | |
| Gödel's completeness theorem Gödel's completeness theorem is a fundamental theorem in mathematical logic that establishes a correspondence between semantic truth and syntactic provability in first-order logic. It was first proven by Kurt Gödel in 1929. A first-order formula is called logically valid if it is true in every structure for its language. Gödel's_completeness_theorem | |
| Gilles Deleuze Gilles Deleuze (), (18 January 1925French philosopher of the late 20th century. From the early 1960s until his death, Deleuze wrote many influential works on philosophy, literature, film, and fine art. His most popular books were the two volumes of Capitalism and Schizophrenia:Anti-Oedipus (1972) and A Thousand Plateaus (1980), both co-written with Félix Guattari. Gilles_Deleuze | |
| Galaxy A galaxy is a massive, gravitationally bound system that consists of stars and stellar remnants, an interstellar medium of gas and dust, and an important but poorly understood component tentatively dubbed dark matter. The name is from the Greek root galaxias Milky Way galaxy. Galaxy | |
| Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel () (August 27, 1770 – November 14, 1831) was a German philosopher, and with Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, one of the creators of German Idealism.Hegel influenced writers of widely varying positions, including both his admirers (Bauer, Feuerbach, Marx, Bradley, Dewey, Sartre, Küng, Kojève, Žižek), and his detractors (Schelling, Kierkegaard, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Peirce, Russell). Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel | |
| Original proof of Gödel's completeness theorem We define the degree of to be the number of universal quantifier blocks, separated by existential quantifier blocks as shown above, in the prefix of . The following lemma, which Gödel adapted from Skolem's proof of the Löwenheim-Skolem theorem, lets us sharply reduce the complexity of the generic formula for which we need to prove the theoremLemma. Let k>=1. If every formula in R of degree k is either refutable or satisfiable, then so is every formula in R of degree k+1. Original_proof_of_Gödel's_completeness_theorem | |
| Giacomo Puccini Giacomo Antonio Domenico Michele Secondo Maria Puccini (December 22, 1858 Italian composer whose operas, including La bohème, Tosca, Madama Butterfly and Turandot, are among the most frequently performed in the standard repertoire. Some of his arias, such as "O mio babbino caro" from Gianni Schicchi, "Che gelida manina" from La, and "Nessun dorma" from Turandot, have become part of popular culture. Giacomo_Puccini | |
| General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (typically abbreviated GATT) was the outcome of the failure of negotiating governments to create the International Trade Organization (ITO). GATT was formed in 1947 and lasted until 1994, when it was replaced by the World Trade Organization. General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade | |
| George Pólya George Pólya (December 13, 1887 Hungarian Pólya György) was a Hungarian mathematician. George_Pólya | |
| Giuseppe Verdi Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi ( in Italian; October 9 or 10, 1813 Romantic composer, mainly of opera. He was one of the most influential composers in the 19th century. His works are frequently performed in opera houses throughout the world and, transcending the boundaries of the genre, some of his themes have long since taken root in popular culture - such as "La donna è mobile" from Rigoletto, "Va, pensiero" (The Chorus of the Hebrew Slaves) from Nabucco, and "Libiamo ne' lieti calici" (The Drinking Song) from La traviata. Giuseppe_Verdi | |
| Giordano Bruno Giordano Bruno, born Filippo Bruno (1548 – February 17, 1600), was an Italian philosopher best-known as a proponent of heliocentrism and the infinity of the universe. In addition to his cosmological writings, he also wrote extensive works on the art of memory, a loosely-organized group of mnemonic techniques and principles. Giordano_Bruno | |
| Gulag Gulag or GULAG was the government agency that administered the penal labour camps of the Soviet Union. Gulag is the Russian acronym for The Chief Administration of Corrective Labor Camps and Colonies (лавное Управление Исправительно-Трудовых Лагерей и колоний; Glavnoye Upravlyeniye Ispravityel'no-Trudovih Lagyeryey i koloniy) of the NKVD. Gulag | |
| Georg Philipp Telemann Georg Philipp Telemann (March 14, 1681 1767) was a German Baroque music composer and multi-instrumentalist, born in Magdeburg. Self-taught in music, he studied law at the University of Leipzig. Often described as the most prolific composer in history (at least in terms of surviving oeuvre), he was a contemporary of Johann Sebastian Bach, Antonio Vivaldi and a lifelong friend of George Frideric Handel. Georg_Philipp_Telemann | |
| Global warming controversy The global warming controversy is a dispute regarding the nature, causes, and consequences of global warming. The disputed issues include the causes of increased global average air temperature, especially since the mid-20th century, whether this warming trend is unprecedented or within normal climatic variations, and whether the increase is wholly or partially an artifact of poor measurements. Global_warming_controversy | |
| George Dantzig George Bernard Dantzig (Nov 8 1914 May 13 2005) was an American mathematician, and the Professor Emeritus of Transportation Sciences and Professor of Operations Research and of Computer Science at Stanford. George Dantzig is known as the father of linear programming and as the inventor of the "simplex method," an algorithm for solving linear programming problems. George_Dantzig | |
| Giordano Bruno Talk:Giordano_Bruno | |
| Hydrogen Hydrogen () is the chemical element with atomic number 1. It is represented by the symbol H. At standard temperature and pressure, hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, nonmetallic, tasteless, highly flammable diatomic gas with the molecular formula H2. With an atomic weight of , hydrogen is the lightest element.Hydrogen is the most abundant chemical element, constituting roughly 75% of the universe's elemental mass. Hydrogen | |
| Helium Helium () is the chemical element with atomic number 2, and is represented by the symbol He. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert monatomic gas that heads the noble gas group in the periodic table. Its boiling and melting points are the lowest among the elements and it exists only as a gas except in extreme conditions.An unknown yellow spectral line signature in sunlight was first observed from a solar eclipse in 1868 by French astronomer Pierre Janssen. Helium | |
| Heredity Heredity is the passing of traits to offspring (from its parent or ancestors). This is the process by which an offspring cell or organism acquires or becomes predisposed to the characteristics of its parent cell or organism. Through heredity, variations exhibited by individuals can accumulate and cause a species to evolve. The study of heredity in biology is called genetics, which includes the field of epigenetics. Heredity | |
| Hedonism Hedonism is a school of philosophy which argues that pleasure has an ultimate importance and is the most important pursuit of humanity. Hedonism | |
| Henri Bergson Henri-Louis Bergson (; 18 October 1859–4 January 1941) was a major French philosopher, influential in the first half of the 20th century. Henri_Bergson | |
| History of computing hardware The history of computing hardware encompasses the hardware, its architecture, and its impact on software. The von Neumann architecture unifies our current computing hardware implementations. History_of_computing_hardware | |
| Heat engine A heat engine is a physical or theoretical device that converts thermal energy to mechanical output. The mechanical output is called work, and the thermal energy input is called heat. Heat engines typically run on a specific thermodynamic cycle. Heat engines can be open to the atmospheric air or sealed and closed off to the outside (Open or closed cycle).In engineering and thermodynamics, a heat engine performs the conversion of heat energy to mechanical work by exploiting the temperature gradient between a hot "source" and a cold "sink". Heat_engine | |
| History of the Internet Before the widespread internetworking that led to the Internet, most communication networks were limited by their nature to only allow communications between the stations on the local network and the prevalent computer networking method was based on the central mainframe computer model. History_of_the_Internet | |
| HyperCard Talk:HyperCard | |
| Hard disk drive A hard disk drive (often shortened as "hard disk", "hard drive", or "HDD"), is a non-volatile storage device which stores digitally encoded data on rapidly rotating platters with magnetic surfaces. Strictly speaking, "drive" refers to a device distinct from its medium, such as a tape drive and its tape, or a floppy disk drive and its floppy disk. Early HDDs had removable media; however, an HDD today is typically a sealed unit (except for a filtered vent hole to equalize air pressure) with fixed media. Hard_disk_drive | |
| Heaven Heaven may refer to the physical heavens, the sky or the seemingly endless expanse of the universe beyond. This is the traditional literal meaning of the term in English, however since at least AD 1000, it is typically also used to refer to an afterlife plane of existence (often held to exist in another realm) in various religions and spiritual philosophies, often described as the holiest possible place, accessible by people according to various standards of divinity, goodness, piety, faith etc. Heaven | |
| Hans-Georg Gadamer Hans-Georg_Gadamer | |
| History of science and technology The history of science and technology (HST) is a field of history which examines how humanity's understanding of the natural world (science) and ability to manipulate it (technology) have changed over the millennia. This academic discipline also studies the cultural, economic, and political impacts of scientific innovation.Histories of science were originally written by practicing and retired scientists, starting primarily with William Whewell, as a way to communicate the virtues of science to the public. History_of_science_and_technology | |
| Historicism Historicism refers to philosophical theories that include one or both of two claims that there is an organic succession of developments, a notion also known as historism (in German historismus), and/or; that local conditions and peculiarities influence the results in a decisive way. Historicism | |
| Isaac Newton Isaac_Newton | |
| Immanuel Kant Immanuel Kant (; 22 April 1724 12 February 1804) was an 18th-century German philosopher from the Prussian city of Königsberg (now Kaliningrad, Russia). He is regarded as one of the most influential thinkers of modern Europe and of the late Enlightenment. Kant created a new widespread perspective in philosophy which influenced philosophy through to the 21st Century. Immanuel_Kant | |
| Identity and change The relationship between identity and change in the philosophical field of metaphysics seems, at first glance, deceptively simple, and belies the complexity of the issues involved. This article explores "the problem of change and identity". Identity_and_change | |
| Inertial frame of reference physics, an inertial frame of reference is a reference frame, tied to the state of motion of an observer, with the property that each physical law portrays itself in the same form in every inertial frame. The contrasting case is the set of non-inertial frames, in which the laws of physics change from frame to frame, and the usual forces governing laws of physics must be supplemented by fictitious forces. Inertial_frame_of_reference | |
| Iberian Peninsula The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe and includes modern-day Spain, Portugal, Andorra and Gibraltar and a very small area of France. It is the westernmost of the three major southern European peninsulas—the Iberian, Italian, and Balkan peninsulas. It is bordered on the southeast and east by the Mediterranean Sea, and on the north, west and Iberian_Peninsula |
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