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English Wikipedia references for Pnas.org 201-250 of 1985
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| Sahelanthropus tchadensis Sahelanthropus tchadensis is a fossil ape that lived approximately 7 million years ago. It is sometimes claimed as the oldest known ancestor of Homo (humans) post-dating the most recent common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees. It was a species of Miocene ape, related to humans and the living African apes. Sahelanthropus_tchadensis | |
| Climate change and agriculture Climate change and agriculture are interrelated processes, both of which take place on a global scale. Global warming is projected to have significant impacts on conditions affecting agriculture, including temperature, precipitation and glacial run-off. These conditions determine the carrying capacity of the biosphere to produce enough food for the human population and domesticated animals. Climate_change_and_agriculture | |
| Trilobite Trilobites ("three-lobes") are a well-known fossil group of extinct marine arthropods that form the class Trilobita. Trilobites first appear in the fossil record during the Early Cambrian period () and flourished throughout the lower Paleozoic era before beginning a drawn-out decline to extinction when, during the Devonian, all trilobite orders, with the sole exception of Proetida, died out. Trilobites finally disappeared in the mass extinction at the end of the Permian about . Trilobite | |
| Centrohelid The centrohelids or centroheliozoa are a large group of heliozoan protists. They include both mobile and sessile forms, found in freshwater and marine environments, especially at some depth. Centrohelid | |
| Guinea pig The guinea pig (also commonly called the Cavy after its scientific name, Cavia porcellus) is a species of rodent belonging to the family Caviidae and the genus Cavia. Despite their common name, these animals are not pigs, nor do they come from Guinea. They originated in the Andes, and studies based on biochemistry and hybridization suggest they are domesticated descendants of a closely related species of cavy such as Cavia aperea, C. fulgida, or C. tschudii, and therefore do not exist naturally in the wild. Guinea_pig | |
| Graft User_talk:Graft | |
| Reelin Reelin is a protein that helps regulate processes of neuronal migration and positioning in the developing brain. Besides this important role in early development, reelin continues to work in the adult brain. It modulates the synaptic plasticity by enhancing the induction and maintenance of long-term potentiation. Reelin | |
| Dingo Dingo | |
| Coeliac disease Coeliac disease (), also spelled celiac disease, is an autoimmune disorder of the small intestine that occurs in genetically predisposed people of all ages from middle infancy on up. Symptoms include chronic diarrhœa, failure to thrive (in children), and fatigue, but these may be absent, and symptoms in all other organ systems have been described. A growing portion of diagnoses are being made in asymptomatic persons as a result of increased screening. Coeliac_disease | |
| Serine Serine (abbreviated as Ser or S) is an organic compound with the formula HO2CCH(NH2)CH2OH. Serine | |
| Impact event An impact event is the collision of a large meteorite, asteroid, comet, or other celestial object with the Earth or another planet. Impact events have been a plot and background element in science fiction since knowledge of real impacts became established in the scientific mainstream. Impact_event | |
| Alternation of generations Alternation of phases (or generations) describes the life cycle of plants, fungi and protists. A multicellular diploid phase alternates with a multicellular haploid phase. The term can be confusing for people familiar only with the life cycle of a typical animal. Alternation_of_generations | |
| Dicotyledon Talk:Dicotyledon | |
| Red blood cell Red blood cells are the most common type of blood cell and the vertebrate body's principal means of delivering oxygen to the body tissues via the blood. They take up oxygen in the lungs or gills and release it while squeezing through the body's capillaries. Red_blood_cell | |
| British Israelism British Israelism (also called Anglo-Israelism) is the claim that people of Western European descent are also the direct lineal descendants of the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel, and it is often accompanied by the belief that the British Royal Family is directly descended from the line of King David. British_Israelism | |
| Mitochondrion Talk:Mitochondrion | |
| Green Revolution Green Revolution usually refers to the transformation of agriculture that began in 1945. One significant factor in this revolution was the Mexican government's request to establish an agricultural research station to develop more varieties of wheat that could be used to feed the rapidly growing population of the country.In 1943, Mexico imported half its wheat, but by 1956, the Green Revolution had made Mexico self-sufficient; by 1964, Mexico exported half a million tons of wheat. Green_Revolution | |
| Organic farming Organic farming is a form of agriculture that relies on crop rotation, green manure, compost, biological pest control, and mechanical cultivation to maintain soil productivity and control pests, excluding or strictly limiting the use of synthetic fertilizers and synthetic pesticides, plant growth regulators, livestock feed additives, and genetically modified organisms. organic wild products are harvested on approximately 30 million hectares . Organic_farming | |
| Duncan J. Watts Duncan J. Watts (born 1971) is an Australian professor of sociology at Columbia University, where he heads the Collective Dynamics Group, and an external faculty member of the Santa Fe Institute. He is also a principal research scientist at Yahoo! Research, where he directs the Human Social Dynamics group. He is author of the book Six Degrees: The Science of a Connected Age. Duncan_J._Watts | |
| Sildenafil Talk:Sildenafil | |
| Anaphylaxis Anaphylaxis is an acute systemic (multi-system) and severe type I hypersensitivity allergic reaction in humans and other mammals. The term comes from the Greek words ανα ana (against) and φύλαξις phylaxis (protection). Minute amounts of allergens may cause a life-threatening anaphylactic reaction. Anaphylaxis may occur after ingestion, skin contact, injection of an allergen or, in some cases, inhalation. Anaphylaxis | |
| Linus Pauling Talk:Linus_Pauling | |
| Olmec Olmec were an ancient Pre-Columbian people living in the tropical lowlands of south-central Mexico, in what are roughly the modern-day states of Veracruz and Tabasco. The Olmec flourished during Mesoamerica's Formative period, dating roughly from 1200 BCE to about 400 BCE. Olmec | |
| Carleton S. Coon Talk:Carleton_S._Coon | |
| Twin Twins are two offspring resulting from the same pregnancy, usually born in close succession. They can be the same or different sex. Twins can either be monozygotic (MZ, colloquially "identical") or dizygotic (DZ, colloquially "fraternal" or "non-identical"). Twin | |
| Lipoic acid Lipoic acid is an organosulfur compound, one enantiomer of which is an essential cofactor for many enzyme complexes. This yellow solid is a carboxylic acid and features a cyclic disulfide, or ditholane ring, functional group. The R-enantiomer is biosynthesized and used as a cofactor. Lipoic_acid | |
| Megabat Megabats is the term used informally to refer to bats of the family Pteropodidae (as opposed to Microbats). They are also referred to as fruit bats, old world fruit bats, or flying foxes. According to the most commonly used classification, megabats constitute a single suborder Megachiroptera, within the order Chiroptera (bats). Megabat | |
| Inosine Inosine is a nucleoside that is formed when hypoxanthine is attached to a ribose ring (also known as a ribofuranose) via a β-N9-glycosidic bond.Inosine is commonly found in tRNAs and is essential for proper translation of the genetic code in wobble base pairs. Inosine | |
| Adenosine monophosphate Adenosine monophosphate (AMP), also known as 5'-adenylic acid, is a nucleotide that is found in RNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid and the nucleoside adenosine. AMP consists of a phosphate group, the sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. Adenosine_monophosphate | |
| Nemesis (star) Nemesis is a hypothetical red dwarf or brown dwarf star, orbiting the Sun at a distance of about 50,000 to 100,000 AU, somewhat beyond the Oort cloud. This star was originally postulated to exist as part of a hypothesis to explain a perceived cycle of mass extinctions in the geological record. Nemesis_(star) | |
| Myoglobin Myoglobin is a single-chain globular protein of 153 amino acids, containing a heme (iron-containing porphyrin) prosthetic group in the center around which the remaining apoprotein folds. It has eight alpha helices and a hydrophobic core. It has a molecular weight of 16,700 daltons, and is the primary oxygen-carrying pigment of muscle tissues. Myoglobin | |
| Zeolite Zeolites are microporous, aluminosilicate minerals commonly used as commercial adsorbents. The term zeolite was originally coined in 1756 by Swedish mineralogist Axel Fredrik Cronstedt, who observed that upon rapidly heating the material stilbite, it produced large amounts of steam from water that had been adsorbed by the material. Based on this, he called the material zeolite, from the Greek (zeō), meaning "boil" and (lithos), meaning "stone". Zeolite | |
| Roundup This article is about the herbicidal formulation. For information on the herbicidal main active ingredient, see glyphosate. For other uses, see Round Up (disambiguation).Roundup is the brand name of a systemic, broad-spectrum herbicide produced by the U.S. company Monsanto and contains the active ingredient glyphosate. Glyphosate is the most used herbicide in the USA , and Roundup is the number one selling herbicide worldwide since at least 1980. Roundup | |
| Xanthine oxidase Xanthine oxidase (XO, a form of xanthine oxidoreductase that generates reactive oxygen species) is an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and can further catalyze the oxidation of xanthine to uric acid. This enzyme plays an important role in the catabolism of purines in some species, including humans.Xanthine oxidase can be converted to xanthine dehydrogenase by reversible sulfhydryl oxidation. Xanthine_oxidase | |
| Carbon Talk:Carbon | |
| High-temperature superconductivity High-temperature superconductors (abbreviated high-Tc or HTS) are materials that have a superconducting transition temperature (Tc) above 30theoretically allowed Tc. The first high-Tc superconductor was discovered in 1986 by Karl Müller and Johannes Bednorz, for which they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1987. High-temperature_superconductivity | |
| John Forbes Nash, Jr. John Forbes Nash Jr. (born June 13, 1928) is an American mathematician and economist whose works in game theory, differential geometry, and partial differential equations have provided insight into the forces that govern chance and events inside complex systems in daily life. John_Forbes_Nash,_Jr. | |
| Peptide nucleic acid Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) is an artificially synthesized polymer similar to DNA or RNA and is used in biological research and medical treatments. PNA is not known to occur naturally.DNA and RNA have a deoxyribose and ribose sugar backbone, respectively, whereas PNA's backbone is composed of repeating N-(2-aminoethyl)-glycine units linked by peptide bonds. Peptide_nucleic_acid | |
| Pheromone pheromone (from Greek φέρω phero "to bear" + Hormone from Greek ὁρμή - "impetus") is a chemical signal that triggers a natural response in another member of the same species. There are alarm pheromones, food trail pheromones, sex pheromones, and many others that affect behavior or physiology. Their use among insects has been particularly well documented. In addition, some vertebrates and plants communicate by using pheromones. Pheromone | |
| Ultracentrifuge The ultracentrifuge is a centrifuge optimized for spinning a rotor at very high speeds, capable of generating acceleration as high as 1,000,000 g (9,800 km/s²). There are two kinds of ultracentrifuges, the preparative and the analytical ultracentrifuge. Both classes of instruments find important uses in molecular biology, biochemistry and polymer science. Ultracentrifuge | |
| Rotavirus Rotavirus is a genus of double-stranded RNA virus in the family Reoviridae. It is the leading single cause of severe diarrhoea among infants and young children. Rotavirus | |
| Domestication Domestication (from Latin 'taming refers to the process whereby a population of animals or plants, through a process of selection, becomes accustomed to human provision and control. The most common form of domestication is artificial selection by humans. Humans have brought these populations under their care for a wide range of reasonsfood or valuable commodities (such as wool, cotton, or silk), for help with various types of work (such as transportation or protection), for protection of themselves and livestock, to enjoy as companions or ornamental plant, and for scientific research, such as finding cures for certain diseases. Domestication | |
| Medical ultrasonography Diagnostic sonography (ultrasonography) is an ultrasound-based diagnostic imaging technique used to visualize subcutaneous body structures including tendons, muscles, joints, vessels and internal organs for possible pathology or lesions. Obstetric sonography is commonly used during pregnancy and is widely recognized by the public. There are a plethora of diagnostic and therapeutic applications practiced in medicine. Medical_ultrasonography | |
| Green fluorescent protein green fluorescent protein (GFP) is protein composed of 238 amino acids (26.9kDa), which exhibits bright green fluorescence when exposed to blue light. Although many other marine organisms have similar green fluorescent proteins, GFP traditionally refers to the protein first isolated from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria. Green_fluorescent_protein | |
| Degeneracy Degeneracy (for the quality; degeneration for the process; adj. and v. degenerate), from the Latin de-generare "to depart from its kind or genus, to fall from its proper or ancestral quality" can refer to In science and mathematics Degeneracy (mathematics), a limiting case in which a class of object changes its nature so as to belong to another, usually simpler, class Degeneracy in biology, the ability of elements that are structurally different to perform the same function or yield the same output, is a well known characteristic of the genetic code and immune systems. Degeneracy | |
| Sequence alignment In bioinformatics, a sequence alignment is a way of arranging the sequences of DNA, RNA, or protein to identify regions of similarity that may be a consequence of functional, structural, or evolutionary relationships between the sequences. Aligned sequences of nucleotide or amino acid residues are typically represented as rows within a matrix. Gaps are inserted between the residues so that identical or similar characters are aligned in successive columns. Sequence_alignment | |
| Vernalization Vernalization (vernalisation - British English) is the acquisition of the competence to flower in the spring by exposure to the prolonged cold of winter. The word vernalization comes from the Latin word vernus, meaning of the spring. Many temperate plants have a vernalization requirement and must experience a period of low winter temperature to initiate or accelerate the flowering process, or, as the case with many fruit tree species, to actually break dormancy, prior to flowering. Vernalization | |
| Karyotype A karyotype is the characteristic chromosome complement of a eukaryote species. The preparation and study of karyotypes is part of cytogenetics. Karyotype | |
| Hexokinase hexokinase is an enzyme that phosphorylates a six-carbon sugar, a hexose, to a hexose phosphate. In most tissues and organisms, glucose is the most important substrate of hexokinases, and glucose-6-phosphate the most important product. Hexokinase | |
| Hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen sulfide (or hydrogen sulphide) is the chemical compound with the formula H2S. This colorless, toxic and flammable gas is partially responsible for the foul odor of rotten eggs and flatulence. It often results from the bacterial break down of sulfites in nonorganic matter in the absence of oxygen, such as in swamps and sewers (anaerobic digestion). Hydrogen_sulfide |
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