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English Wikipedia references for Pnas.org 151-200 of 1985
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| Cephalopod The cephalopods (Greek plural 'mollusc class Cephalopoda characterized by bilateral body symmetry, a prominent head, and a modification of the mollusk foot, a muscular hydrostat, into the form of arms or tentacles. Teuthology, a branch of malacology, is the study of cephalopods.The class contains two extant subclasses. Cephalopod | |
| Human genome The human genome is the genome of Homo sapiens, which is stored on 23 chromosome pairs. Twenty-two of these are autosomal chromosome pairs, while the remaining pair is sex-determining. The haploid human genome occupies a total of just over 3 billion DNA base pairs. The Human Genome Project (HGP) produced a reference sequence of the euchromatic human genome, which is used worldwide in biomedical sciences. Human_genome | |
| Ornithology Ornithology (from Greekornis, ornithos, "bird"; and λόγος, logos, "knowledge") is a branch of zoology that concerns the study of birds. Several aspects of ornithology differ from related disciplines, due partly to the high visibility and the aesthetic appeal of birds. Most marked among these is the extent of studies undertaken by amateurs working within the parameters of strict scientific methodology. Ornithology | |
| Hubble's law Hubble's law describes the observation in physical cosmology that the velocity at which various galaxies are receding from the earth is proportional to their distance from us. The law was first formulated by Edwin Hubble in 1929 after nearly a decade of observations. Hubble's_law | |
| Edwards v. Aguillard Edwards v. Aguillard, was a case heard by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1987 regarding creationism. The Court ruled that a Louisiana law requiring that creation science be taught in public schools along with evolution was unconstitutional, because the law was specifically intended to advance a particular religion. Edwards_v._Aguillard | |
| Quantum evolution Quantum_evolution | |
| Irreducible complexity Talk:Irreducible_complexity | |
| Black body In physics, a black body is an idealized object that absorbs all electromagnetic radiation that falls on it. No electromagnetic radiation passes through it and none is reflected. Because no light (visible electromagnetic radiation) is reflected or transmitted, the object appears black when it is cold. However, a black body emits a temperature-dependent spectrum of light. This Black_body | |
| Junk DNA Talk:Junk_DNA | |
| Biodiversity Biodiversity is the variation of life forms within a given ecosystem, biome, or for the entire Earth. Biodiversity is often used as a measure of the health of biological systems. The biodiversity found on Earth today consists of many millions of distinct biological species, which is the product of nearly 3.5 billion years of evolution. Biodiversity | |
| Neanderthal The Neanderthal ( or ), or Neandertal, is an extinct member of the Homo genus that is known from Pleistocene specimens found in Europe and parts of western and central Asia. Neanderthals are either classified as a subspecies of humans (Homo sapiens neanderthalensis) or as a separate species (Homo neanderthalensis). Neanderthal | |
| Marfan syndrome Marfan syndrome (or Marfan's syndrome) is a genetic disorder of the connective tissue. It is sometimes inherited as a dominant trait. It is carried by a gene called FBN1, which encodes a connective protein called fibrillin-1. People have a pair of FBN1 genes. Because it is dominant, people who have inherited one affected FBN1 gene from either parent will have Marfan's. This syndrome can run from mild to severe. Marfan_syndrome | |
| Coelacanth Coelacanth (, adaptation of Modern Latin Cœlacanthus:Greek κοῖλ-ος order of fish that includes the oldest living lineage of gnathostomata known to date. The coelacanths, which are related to lungfishes and tetrapods, were believed to have been extinct since the end of the Cretaceous period, until the first Latimeria specimen was found off the east coast of South Africa, off the Chalumna River in 1938. Coelacanth | |
| Passerine A passerine is a bird of the order Passeriformes, which includes more than half of all bird species. Sometimes known as perching birds or, less accurately, as songbirds, the passerines form one of the most diverse terrestrial vertebrate ordersit is roughly twice as diverse as the largest of the mammal orders, the Rodentia. Passerine | |
| Escherichia coli O157:H7 Enterohemorrhagic E. coli redirects here, although this term may be applied to other strains of E. coli.Escherichia coli O157 is an enterohemorrhagic strain of the bacterium Escherichia coli and a cause of foodborne illness. Infection often leads to bloody diarrhea, and occasionally to kidney failure, especially in young children and elderly people. Escherichia_coli_O157:H7 | |
| Even-toed ungulate even-toed ungulates form the mammal order Artiodactyla, the group that contains the pigs, peccaries, hippopotamuses, camels, chevrotains (mouse deer), deer, giraffes, pronghorn, antelopes, sheep, goats, and cattle. They are ungulates whose weight is borne (if they have more than two toes) about equally by the third and fourth toes, rather than mostly or entirely by the third as in Even-toed_ungulate | |
| Pollen Pollen | |
| Biomass (ecology) Biomass, in ecology, is the mass of living biological organisms in a given area or ecosystem at a given time. Biomass can refer to species biomass, which is the mass of one or more species, or to community biomass, which is the mass of all species in the community. Biomass_(ecology) | |
| Butterfly butterfly is an insect of the order Lepidoptera. Like all Lepidoptera, butterflies are notable for their unusual life cycle with a larval caterpillar stage, an inactive pupal stage, and a spectacular metamorphosis into a familiar and colourful winged adult form. Most species are day-flying so they regularly attract attention. The diverse patterns formed by their brightly coloured wings and their erratic yet graceful flight have made butterfly watching a hobby. Butterfly | |
| History of Japan The written history of Japan begins with brief information of Twenty-Four Histories, a collection of Chinese historical texts, in the 1st century AD. However, evidence says that people were living on the islands of Japan of the upper paleolithic period. Following the last ice-age, around 12,000 BC, the rich ecosystem of the Japanese Archipelago fostered human development. The earliest-known pottery belongs to the Jōmon period. History_of_Japan | |
| Road transport Road transport (British English) or road transportation (American English) is transport on roads of passengers or goods.A hybrid of road transport and ship transport is the historic horse-drawn boat. Road_transport | |
| Epigenetics In biology, the term epigenetics refers to changes in phenotype (appearance) or gene expression caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence, hence the name epi- (Greek-genetics. These changes may remain through cell divisions for the remainder of the cell's life and may also last for multiple generations. Epigenetics | |
| Sex-determination system A sex-determination system is a biological system that determines the development of sexual characteristics in an organism. Most sexual organisms have two sexes. In many cases, sex determination is geneticmales and females have different alleles or even different genes that specify their sexual morphology. Sex-determination_system | |
| Sequoia The name "sequoia" is sometimes used as a general term for the subfamily Sequoioideae in which this genus is classified, together with Sequoiadendron (Giant Sequoia) and Metasequoia (Dawn Redwood); as a common name, it usually refers to Sequoiadendron. Sequoia | |
| Leishmania Leishmania is a genus of trypanosome protozoa, and is the parasite responsible for the disease leishmaniasis. It is spread through sandflies of the genus Phlebotomus in the Old World, and of the genus Lutzomyia in the New World. Their primary hosts are vertebrates; Leishmania commonly infects hyraxes, canids, rodents, and humans. Leishmania currently affects 12 million people in 88 countries. Leishmania | |
| Gulf War syndrome Persian Gulf War syndrome (GWS) or Persian Gulf War illness (GWI) is an illness reported by combat veterans of the 1991 Persian Gulf War typified by symptoms including immune system disorders and birth defects. It has not always been clear whether these symptoms were related to Gulf War service or the occurrence of illnesses in Gulf War veterans is higher than comparable populations. Gulf_War_syndrome | |
| Biology and sexual orientation Biology and sexual orientation is the subject of research into possible biological influences on the development of human sexual orientation. No simple cause for sexual orientation has been conclusively demonstrated, and there is no scientific consensus as to whether the contributing factors are primarily biological or environmental. Biology_and_sexual_orientation | |
| Soliton mathematics and physics, a soliton is a self-reinforcing solitary wave (a wave packet or pulse) that maintains its shape while it travels at constant speed. Solitons are caused by a cancellation of nonlinear and dispersive effects in the medium. "Dispersive effects" refer to dispersion relations between the frequency and the speed of the waves. Soliton | |
| Rafflesia Rafflesia is a genus of parasitic flowering plants. It was discovered in the Indonesian rain forest by an Indonesian guide working for Dr. Joseph Arnold in 1818, and named after Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, the leader of the expedition. It contains approximately 27 species (including four incompletely characterized species as recognized by Meijer 1997), all found in southeastern Asia, on the Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, and the Philippines. Rafflesia | |
| Squash (plant) Squashes generally refer to four species of the genus Cucurbita native to Mexico and Central America, also called marrows depending on variety or the nationality of the speaker. It is also natively grown in parts of North America, Europe, India, and Australia. Squash_(plant) | |
| Biological classification Biological classification or scientific classification in biology, is a method by which biologists group and categorize organisms by biological type, such as genus or species. Biological classification is a form of scientific taxonomy, but should be distinguished from folk taxonomy, which lacks scientific basis. Biological_classification | |
| Hippocampus Hippocampus | |
| Vitamin D Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble prohormones, the two major forms of which are vitamin D2 (or ergocalciferol) and vitamin D3 (or cholecalciferol). The term vitamin D also refers to metabolites and other analogues of these substances. Vitamin D3 is produced in skin exposed to sunlight, specifically ultraviolet B radiation. Vitamin_D | |
| Cellular automaton A cellular automaton (pluralcellular automata, abbrev. CA) is a discrete model studied in computability theory, mathematics, theoretical biology and microstructure modeling. It consists of a regular grid of cells, each in one of a finite number of states, such as "On" and "Off". The grid can be in any finite number of dimensions. For each cell, a set of cells called its neighborhood (usually including the cell itself) is defined relative to the specified cell. For exam Cellular_automaton | |
| Termite The termites are a group of social insects usually classified at the taxonomic rank of order Isoptera (but see also taxonomy below). As truly social animals, they are termed eusocial along with the ants and some bees and wasps which are all placed in the separate order Hymenoptera. Termite | |
| Telomere Talk:Telomere | |
| Younger Dryas Younger Dryas stadial, named after the alpine/tundra wildflower Dryas octopetala, and also referred to as the Big Freeze, was a geologically brief (approximately 1,300 ± 70 years) cold climate period following the Bölling/Allerød interstadial at the end of the Pleistocene between approximately 12,800 to 11,500 years ago, and preceding the Preboreal of the early Holocene. Younger_Dryas | |
| Deforestation Talk:Deforestation | |
| Barbara McClintock Barbara McClintock (June 16 1902 – September 2 1992), the 1983 Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine, was an American scientist and one of the world's most distinguished cytogeneticists. McClintock received her PhD in botany from Cornell University in 1927, where she was a leader in the development of maize cytogenetics. Barbara_McClintock | |
| Hadean The Hadean () is the geologic eon before the Archean. It started at Earth's formation about 4.6 billion years ago (4,600Ma), and ended roughly 3.8 billion years ago, though the latter date varies according to different sources. The name "Hadean" derives from Hades, Greek for "Underworld," referring to the conditions on Earth at the time. Hadean | |
| Donkey The donkey or ass, Equus africanus asinus, is a domesticated member of the Equidae or horse family, and an odd-toed ungulate. The wild ancestor of the donkey is the African Wild Ass, E. africanus. Traditionally, the scientific name for the donkey is Equus asinus asinus based on the principle of priority used for scientific names of animals. Donkey | |
| Wildfire A wildfire is any uncontrolled, non-structure fire that occurs in the wilderness, wildland, or bush. Other names such as wildland fire, forest fire, brush fire, vegetation fire, grass fire, peat fire, bushfire (in Australasia), and hill fire are commonly used. Wildfire | |
| Rett syndrome Rett syndrome (also called Retts disorder) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is classified as a pervasive developmental disorder by the DSM-IV. It was first described by Austrian neurologist Andreas Rett in 1966. The clinical features include a deceleration of the rate of head growth (including microcephaly in some) and small hands and feet. Rett_syndrome | |
| Q fever Q fever is a disease caused by infection with Coxiella burnetii, a bacterium that affects both humans and animals. This organism is uncommon but may be found in cattle, sheep, goats and other domestic mammals, including cats and dogs. The infection results from inhalation of contaminated particles in the air, and from contact with the milk, urine, feces, vaginal mucus, or semen of infected animals. Q_fever | |
| Microwave auditory effect microwave auditory effect, also known as the microwave hearing effect or the Frey effect, consists of audible clicks induced by pulsed/modulated microwave frequencies. The clicks are generated directly inside the human head without the need of any receiving electronic device. Microwave_auditory_effect | |
| Evolutionary developmental biology Evolutionary developmental biology (evolution of development or informally, evo-devo) is a field of biology that compares the developmental processes of different animals and plants in an attempt to determine the ancestral relationship between organisms and how developmental processes evolved. Evolutionary_developmental_biology | |
| Biophoton Talk:Biophoton | |
| Tetrahydrocannabinol Tetrahydrocannabinol | |
| Pygmy Hippopotamus Pygmy_Hippopotamus | |
| Great ape/Archive 1 Talk:Great_ape/Archive_1 |
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