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English Wikipedia references for Columbia.edu 51-100 of 4530
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| Gian Lorenzo Bernini Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini (December 7, 1598 Baroque sculptor and architect of 17th Century Rome. Gian_Lorenzo_Bernini | |
| Ethic of reciprocity The ethic of reciprocity, also known as the Golden Rule, is an ethical code that states one has a right to just treatment, and a responsibility to ensure justice for others. Reciprocity is arguably the most essential basis for the modern concept of human rights, though it has its critics. A key element of the golden rule is that a person attempting to live by this rule treats all people, not just members of his or her in-group, with consideration. Ethic_of_reciprocity | |
| LGBT social movements Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender social movements share related goals of social acceptance of homosexuality, bisexuality and transgenderism. Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people have a long history of campaigning for what is generally called LGBT rights (or gay rights or gay and lesbian rights). LGBT_social_movements | |
| Hydrogen Hydrogen () is the chemical element with atomic number 1. It is represented by the symbol H. At standard temperature and pressure, hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, nonmetallic, tasteless, highly flammable diatomic gas with the molecular formula H2. With an atomic weight of , hydrogen is the lightest element.Hydrogen is the most abundant chemical element, constituting roughly 75% of the universe's elemental mass. Hydrogen | |
| History of computing hardware The history of computing hardware encompasses the hardware, its architecture, and its impact on software. The von Neumann architecture unifies our current computing hardware implementations. History_of_computing_hardware | |
| History of the Internet Before the widespread internetworking that led to the Internet, most communication networks were limited by their nature to only allow communications between the stations on the local network and the prevalent computer networking method was based on the central mainframe computer model. History_of_the_Internet | |
| Hard disk drive A hard disk drive (often shortened as "hard disk", "hard drive", or "HDD"), is a non-volatile storage device which stores digitally encoded data on rapidly rotating platters with magnetic surfaces. Strictly speaking, "drive" refers to a device distinct from its medium, such as a tape drive and its tape, or a floppy disk drive and its floppy disk. Early HDDs had removable media; however, an HDD today is typically a sealed unit (except for a filtered vent hole to equalize air pressure) with fixed media. Hard_disk_drive | |
| Herman Hollerith Herman Hollerith (February 29, 1860 German-American statistician who developed a mechanical tabulator based on punched cards in order to rapidly tabulate statistics from millions of pieces of data. He was the founder of the company that became IBM. Herman_Hollerith | |
| History of astronomy Astronomy is the oldest of the natural sciences, dating back to antiquity, with its origins in the religious, mythological, and astrological practices of pre-history:astrology, a discipline long interwoven with public and governmental astronomy, and not completely disentangled from it until a few centuries ago in the Western World (see astrology and astronomy). History_of_astronomy | |
| Hypnosis For the states induced by hypnotic drugs, see Sleep or Unconsciousness.Hypnotized redirects here. For the Shanadoo song, see Hypnotized (song). For the Plies song, see Hypnotized (Plies song). Hypnosis is a mental state (state theory) or set of attitudes (nonstate theory) usually induced by a procedure known as a hypnotic induction, which is commonly composed of a series of preliminary instructions and suggestions. Hypnosis | |
| Foreign relations of India The Republic of India is the world's most-populous electoral democracy and has one of the fastest economic growth rates in the world (8.9 percent GDP increase in 2007, the second-fastest major economy in the world after China). With the world's fourth largest armed forces, and fourth largest economy by purchasing power parity, it is considered to be a regional power and a middle power. It is India's growing international influence that increasingly gives it a more prominent voice in global affairs. Foreign_relations_of_India | |
| Public international law Public international law concerns the structure and conduct of sovereign states and intergovernmental organizations. To a lesser degree, international law also may affect multinational corporations and individuals, an impact increasingly evolving beyond domestic legal interpretation and enforcement. Public_international_law | |
| Intelligence quotient An intelligence quotient, or IQ, is a score derived from one of several different standardized tests attempting to measure intelligence. The term "IQ," from the German Intelligenz-Quotient, was coined by the German psychologist William Stern in 1912 as a proposed method of scoring early modern children's intelligence tests such as those developed by Alfred Binet and Théodore Simon in the early 20th Century. Intelligence_quotient | |
| Ivy League The Ivy League is an athletic conference comprising eight private institutions of higher education in the Northeastern United States. The term is most commonly used to refer to those eight schools considered as a group. The term also has connotations of academic excellence, selectivity in admissions, and social elitism.The term became official, especially in sports terminology, after the formation of the NCAA Division I athletic conference in 1954, when much of the nation polarized around favorite college teams. Ivy_League | |
| Indian removal Talk:Indian_removal | |
| IBM 3270 The IBM 3270 is a class of terminals made by IBM since 1972 (known as "display devices") normally used to communicate with IBM mainframes. As such, it was the successor to the IBM 2260 display terminal. Due to the text color on the original models, these terminals are informally known as green screen terminals. IBM_3270 | |
| Internet Protocol Suite Internet Protocol Suite (commonly known as TCP/IP) is the set of communications protocols used for the Internet and other similar networks. It is named from two of the most important protocols in itTransmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP), which were the first two networking protocols defined in this standard. Internet_Protocol_Suite | |
| Transport in Japan Transportation in Japan is modern and infrastructure spending has been large.Japan's road spending has been large.. The 1.2 million kilometers of paved road are the main means of transportation. Japan has left-hand traffic. A single network of high-speed, divided, limited-access toll roads connects major cities and are operated by toll-collecting enterprises. Transport_in_Japan | |
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau Jean-Jacques Rousseau (Geneva, 28 June 1712 Ermenonville, 2 July 1778) was a major philosopher, writer, and composer of the eighteenth-century Enlightenment, whose political philosophy influenced the French Revolution and the development of modern political and educational thought. Jean-Jacques_Rousseau | |
| John Dewey John Dewey (October 20, 1859 philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer whose thoughts and ideas have been highly influential in the United States and around the world. Dewey, along with Charles Sanders Peirce and William James, is recognized as one of the founders of the philosophical school of pragmatism. He is also one of the founders of functional psychology and was a leading representative of the progressive movement in U.S. schooling during the first half of the 20th century. John_Dewey | |
| Jahangir Nur-ud-din Salim Jahangir (full titleAl-Sultan al-'Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram, Khushru-i-Giti Panah, Abu'l-Fath Nur-ud-din Muhammad Jahangir Padshah Ghazi (September 20, 1569-November 8, 1627) (OS August 31, 1569 NS November 8, 1627) was the ruler of the Mughal Empire from 1605 until his death. The name Jahangir is from Persian جہانگير, meaning "Conqueror of the World". Nur-ud-din or Nur al-Din is an Arabic name which means " Light of the Faith." Jahangir | |
| John Jay John Jay (December 12, 1745 May 17,1829) was an American politician, statesman, revolutionary, diplomat, a Founding Father of the United States, President of the Continental Congress from 1778 to 1779 and, from 1789 to 1795, the first Chief Justice of the United States. John_Jay | |
| Korea Korea (Hangul:Korean Peninsula in East Asia. It borders China to the northwest, and Russia to the northeast, and is separated from Japan to the east by the Korea Strait.Korea was divided in 1948, with the southern portion of the peninsula controlled by the capitalistic democracy South Korea. Korea | |
| Kareem Abdul-Jabbar Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (born Ferdinand Lewis 'Lew' Alcindor on April 16, 1947) is an American retired basketball player, widely considered one of the greatest players of all time. During his 20-year professional career in the NBA, from 1969 to 1989, he scored the highest points total of any player in league history (38,387), in addition to winning a record six Most Valuable Player Awards and six NBA championships. Kareem_Abdul-Jabbar | |
| Kermit (protocol) Kermit is a computer file transfer/management protocol and a set of communications software tools primarily used in the early years of personal computing in the 1980s; it provides a consistent approach to file transfer, terminal emulation, script programming, and character set conversion across many different computer hardware and OS platforms. Kermit_(protocol) | |
| Kazimir Malevich Kazimir Severinovich Malevich (, , , , ), (February 23, 1879, previously 1878see belowMay 15, 1935) was a painter and art theoretician, pioneer of geometric abstract art and the originator of the Avant-garde Suprematist movement. Kazimir_Malevich | |
| Latin Latin (lingua Latīna, ) is an Italic language historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Through the Roman conquest, Latin spread throughout the Mediterranean and a large part of Europe. Romance languages such as Italian, French, Catalan, Romanian, Spanish, and Portuguese are descended from Latin, while many others, especially European languages, including English, have inherited and acquired much of their vocabulary from Latin. Latin | |
| Leon M. Lederman Leon Max Lederman (born July 15, 1922) is an American experimental physicist and Nobel Prize in Physics laureate for his work with neutrinos. He is Director Emeritus of Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab) in Batavia, Illinois. He founded the Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy, in Aurora, Illinois in 1986, and has served in the capacity of Resident Scholar since 1998. Leon_M._Lederman | |
| Labyrinth In Greek mythology, the Labyrinth (Greek λαβύρινθος labyrinthos) was Labyrinth | |
| Linear prediction Linear_prediction | |
| List of Latin place names in Continental Europe This list includes continental European countries and regions that were part of the Roman Empire, or that were given Latin place names in historical references. As a large portion of the latter were only created during the Middle Ages, often based on scholarly etiology, this is not to be confused with a list of the actual names modern regions and settlements bore during Antiquity. List_of_Latin_place_names_in_Continental_Europe | |
| Minimum wage A minimum wage is the lowest hourly, daily or monthly wage that employers may legally pay to employees or workers. Equivalently, it is the lowest wage at which workers may sell their labor. Although minimum wage laws are in effect in a great many jurisdictions, there are differences of opinion about the benefits and drawbacks of a minimum wage. Minimum_wage | |
| Mortimer Adler Mortimer Jerome Adler (December 28, 1902 June 28, 2001) was an American educator, philosopher, and popular author. As a philosopher he worked with Aristotelian and Thomistic thought. He lived for the longest stretches in New York City, Chicago, San Francisco, and San Mateo. He worked for Columbia University, the University of Chicago, Encyclopædia Britannica, and Adler's own Institute for Philosophical Research. Adler was married twice and had four children. Mortimer_Adler | |
| Montreal Protocol For other similarly-named agreements, see Montreal Convention (disambiguation).The Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of a number of substances believed to be responsible for ozone depletion. Montreal_Protocol | |
| MPEG-1 MPEG-1 is a standard for lossy compression of video and audio. It is designed to compress VHS-quality raw digital video and CD audio down to 1.5 Mbit/s (26 MPEG-1 | |
| Microsoft Word Microsoft Word is Microsoft's word processing software. It was first released in 1983 under the name Multi-Tool Word for Xenix systems. Versions were later written for several other platforms including IBM PCs running DOS (1983), the Apple Macintosh (1984), SCO UNIX, OS/2 and Microsoft Windows (1989). Microsoft_Word | |
| Mesolithic The Mesolithic (Greek:mesos "middle", lithos stone) or "Middle Stone Age" was a period in the development of human technology in between the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age and the Neolithic or New Stone Age. The term was introduced by John Lubbock in his work Pre-historic Times, published in 1865. The term was, however, not much used until V. Gordon Childe popularized it in his book The Dawn of Europe (1947). Mesolithic | |
| Matthew the Evangelist Matthew the Evangelist (מתי/מתתיהו, "Gift of Yahweh", Standard Hebrew and Tiberian Hebrew:Mattay or Mattithyahu; Septuagint Greek:Matthaios, Modern Greek:Matthaíos), most often called Saint Matthew, is a Christian figure, and one of Jesus's Twelve Apostles. He is credited by tradition with writing the Gospel of Matthew, and is identified in that gospel as being the same person as Levi the publican (tax-collector). Matthew_the_Evangelist | |
| Michael Crichton John Michael Crichton , (October 23, 1942 Michael_Crichton | |
| Malcolm X Malcolm X () (born Malcolm Little; May 19, 1925 February 21, 1965), also known as El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz (), was an African-American Muslim minister, public speaker, and human rights activist. To his admirers, he was a courageous advocate for the rights of African Americans, a man who indicted white America in the harshest terms for its crimes against black Americans. His detractors accused him of preaching racism and violence. Malcolm_X | |
| Malcolm X Talk:Malcolm_X | |
| Mad (magazine) Mad is an influential American humor magazine founded by editor Harvey Kurtzman and publisher William Gaines in 1952. The last surviving title from the notorious and critically acclaimed EC Comics line, the magazine offers satire on all aspects of American life and pop culture, politics, entertainment, and public figures. Mad_(magazine) | |
| Niels Bohr Niels Henrik David Bohr (; 7 October 1885 – 18 November 1962) was a Danish physicist who made fundamental contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum mechanics, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922. Bohr mentored and collaborated with many of the top physicists of the century at his institute in Copenhagen. Niels_Bohr | |
| Nicholas Lemann Nicholas Berthelot Lemann is dean and Henry R. Luce professor at the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism in New York City. Lemann is from New Orleans and he graduated from Harvard University in 1976, but has never attended a school of journalism. Nicholas_Lemann | |
| New Amsterdam New Amsterdam () was a 17th-century Dutch colonial settlement that later became New York City.The town developed outside of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island in the New Netherland territory (1614–1674) which was situated between 38 and 42 degrees latitude as a provincial extension of the Dutch Republic as of 1624. New_Amsterdam | |
| B-spline mathematical subfield of numerical analysis, a B-spline is a spline function that has minimal support with respect to a given degree, smoothness, and domain partition. A fundamental theorem states that every spline function of a given degree, smoothness, and domain partition, can be represented as a linear combination of B-splines of that same degree and smoothness, and over that same partition. The term B-spline was coined by Isaac Jacob Schoenberg and is short for basis spline. b_{j+1,n-1}(t). B-spline | |
| Programming language A programming language is a machine-readable artificial language designed to express computations that can be performed by a machine, particularly a computer. Programming languages can be used to create programs that specify the behavior of a machine, to express algorithms precisely, or as a mode of human communication.Many programming languages have some form of written specification of their syntax and semantics, since computers require precisely defined instructions. Programming_language | |
| Pakistan Pakistan | |
| History of Pakistan The history of Pakistan as a state began with independence from British India on 14 August 1947, although the region that is now called Pakistan has been inhabited continuously for at least two million years; the region's ancient history includes some of the oldest settlements of South Asia and some of its major civilizations. History_of_Pakistan | |
| Demographics of Puerto Rico demographic features of the population of Puerto Rico, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population. Demographics_of_Puerto_Rico |
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