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English Wikipedia references for Pnas.org 451-500 of 1985
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| WikiProject Dinosaurs Wikipedia:WikiProject_Dinosaurs | |
| Rudolf Weigl Professor Rudolf Stefan Weigl (September 2, 1883 - August 11, 1957) was a famous Polish biologist and inventor of the first effective vaccine against epidemic typhus. Weigl founded the Weigl Institute in Lwów, Poland (now Lviv, Ukraine), where he did his vaccine-producing research. Rudolf_Weigl | |
| Birth order "Little sister" redirects here. For other uses, see Little Sister (disambiguation). Birth order is defined as a person's rank by age among his or her siblings. Birth order is often believed to have a profound and lasting effect on psychological development. This assertion has been repeatedly challenged by researchers, yet birth order continues to have a strong presence in pop psychology and popular culture. Birth_order | |
| Polyadenylation Polyadenylation is the addition of a poly(A) tail, a stretch of RNA where all the bases are adenines, onto an RNA molecule. In eukaryotes, polyadenylation is part of the process that produces mature messenger RNA (mRNA) for translation. It therefore forms part of the larger process of gene expression.The process of polyadenylation begins as the transcription of a gene finishes. Polyadenylation | |
| Chemical ecology Chemical ecology is the study of the chemicals involved in the interactions of living organisms. It focuses on the production of and response to signaling molecules (i.e. semiochemicals) and toxins. Chemical ecology is of particular importance among ants and other social insects - including bees, wasps, and termites - as a means of communication essential to social organization. Chemical_ecology | |
| Structural inheritance Structural inheritance is the transmission of a trait in a living organism by a self-perpetuating spatial structures. This is in contrast to the transmission of digital information such as is found in DNA sequences, which accounts for the vast majority of known genetic variation.Examples of structural inheritance include the propagation of prions, the infections agents of diseases such as scrapie (in sheep and goats), bovine spongiform encephalopathy ('mad cow disease') and Cruetzfeld-Jakob disease (although the protein-only hypothesis of prion transmission has been considered contentious until recently.) Structural_inheritance | |
| Origin of language origin of language, also known as glottogony, is a topic that has attracted considerable attention throughout human history. The use of language is one of the most conspicuous traits that distinguishes Homo sapiens from other species. Unlike writing, spoken language leaves no concrete evidence of its nature or even its existence. Therefore scientists must resort to indirect methods in trying to determine the origins of language. Origin_of_language | |
| Hapkeite Hapkeite is a mineral discovered in the Dhofar 280 meteorite found in 2000 in Oman on the Arabian peninsula. The meteorite is interpreted to originate from the Moon, specifically it appears to be a fragment of lunar highland breccia. Hapkeite's composition is of silicon and iron, and is similar to other silicon-iron minerals found on Earth. On the Moon an impact is thought to have launched the partially molten or vaporized material into orbit. Hapkeite | |
| Spermatophyte The spermatophytes (from the Greek word "Σπερματόφυτα") (also known as phanerogams) comprise those plants that produce seeds. They are a subset of the embryophytes or land plants. The living spermatophytes form five groups cycads, a subtropical and tropical group of plants with a large crown of compound leaves and a stout trunk, Ginkgo, a single living species of tree, conifers, cone-bearing trees and shrubs, gnetophytes, woody plants in the genera Gnetum, Welwitschia, and Ephedra, and angiosperms, the flowering plants, a large group including many familiar plants in a wide variety of habitats. Spermatophyte | |
| Jonathan Wells (intelligent design advocate) John Corrigan "Jonathan" Wells (born 1942) is an American author and a prominent advocate of intelligent design. A member of the Unification Church, Wells wrote that the teachings of church founder Sun Myung Moon, his own studies at the Unification Theological Seminary and his prayers convinced him to devote his life to "destroying Darwinism", Jonathan_Wells_(intelligent_design_advocate) | |
| Fritz Zwicky Fritz Zwicky (February 14 1898 February 8 1974) was a Bulgarian born, America-based Swiss astronomer. He was an original thinker, with many important contributions in theoretical and observational astronomy. Fritz_Zwicky | |
| Theories of general anaesthetic action general anaesthetic (or anesthetic) drug is a drug that brings about a reversible loss of consciousness. These drugs are generally administered by an anaesthetist/anaesthesiologist in order to induce or maintain general anaesthesia to facilitate surgery. General anesthetics have been widely used in surgery since 1846 when William Morton for the first time administered diethyl ether to a patient and performed a painless tooth extraction. Theories_of_general_anaesthetic_action | |
| Dromaeosauridae Dromaeosauridae is a family of bird-like theropod dinosaurs. They were small to medium-sized, feathered carnivores that flourished in the Cretaceous Period. In informal usage they are often called "raptors" (after Velociraptor), a term popularized by the film Jurassic Park. The name Dromaeosauridae means 'running lizards', from Greek dromeus (δρομευς) meaning 'runner' and sauros (σαυρος) meaning 'lizard'. Dromaeosauridae | |
| IQ and the Wealth of Nations IQ and the Wealth of Nations is a controversial 2002 book by Dr. Richard Lynn, Professor Emeritus of Psychology at the University of Ulster, Northern Ireland, and Dr. Tatu Vanhanen, Professor Emeritus of Political Science at the University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland. IQ_and_the_Wealth_of_Nations | |
| Reactive oxygen species Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are ions or very small molecules that include oxygen ions, free radicals, and peroxides, both inorganic and organic. They are highly reactive due to the presence of unpaired valence shell electrons. oxygen and have important roles in cell signaling. Reactive_oxygen_species | |
| Primary ciliary dyskinesia Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), also known as immotile ciliary syndrome or Kartagener Syndrome (KS), is a rare, ciliopathic, autosomal recessive genetic disorder that causes a defect in the action of the cilia lining the respiratory tract (lower and upper, sinuses, Eustachian tube, middle ear) and fallopian tube. Cilia, which resemble microscopic hairs, are actually complex organelles that bear no biological or structural relationship to hair. Primary_ciliary_dyskinesia | |
| Raw foodism Raw foodism (or rawism) is a lifestyle promoting the consumption of un-cooked, un-processed, and often organic foods as a large percentage of the diet. If 75-100% of a person's total food consumption is raw food, he/she is considered a raw foodist or living foodist. Raw_foodism | |
| Xiaopo/Scratchpad User:Xiaopo/Scratchpad | |
| William M. Connolley/Misc refs User:William_M._Connolley/Misc_refs | |
| Abiogenic petroleum origin Abiogenic petroleum origin is an alternative hypothesis to the prevailing biological origin theory of petroleum origins. Most popular in Russia and Ukraine between the 1950s and 1980s, the abiogenic hypothesis now has little support amongst contemporary petroleum geologists, who argue that abiogenic petroleum does not exist in significant amounts, and that there is no indication that an application of the hypothesis is or has ever been of commercial value. Abiogenic_petroleum_origin | |
| Agrobacterium Agrobacterium is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria that uses horizontal gene transfer to cause tumors in plants. Agrobacterium tumefaciens is the most commonly studied species in this genus. Agrobacterium is well known for its ability to transfer DNA between itself and plants, and for this reason it has become an important tool for plant improvement by genetic engineering.The Agrobacterium genus is quite heterogeneous. Agrobacterium | |
| Euarchonta The Euarchonta are a superorder of mammals containing four orders:Dermoptera or colugos, the Scandentia or treeshrews, the extinct Plesiadapiformes, and the Primates. The term "Euarchonta" (means "true ancestors") first appeared in the general scientific literature in 1999, when molecular evidence suggested that the morphology-based Archonta be trimmed down to exclude Chiroptera. Euarchonta | |
| Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Life Sciences Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Life Sciences (short KGI) is a small graduate school in Claremont, California. It was founded in 1997 through a startup grant of $50 million from the W. M. Keck Foundation. KGI is a member of the Claremont Colleges.KGI offers a professional science masters degree called the Master of Bioscience (MBS), as well as a PhD in Applied Life Sciences, which is built upon the MBS degree, and a separate PhD in Computational and Systems Biology. Keck_Graduate_Institute_of_Applied_Life_Sciences | |
| Lethal white syndrome Lethal White Syndrome (LWS), also called Overo Lethal White Syndrome (OLWS), Lethal White Overo (LWO), and Overo Lethal White Foal Syndrome (OWLFS), is an autosomal genetic disorder most prevalent in the American Paint Horse. Affected foals are born after the full 11-month gestation and externally appear normal, though they have all-white or nearly all-white coats and blue eyes. Lethal_white_syndrome | |
| Claudio Bunster Claudio Bunster Weitzman (formerly known as Claudio Teitelboim Weitzman) (born April 15 1948) is a Chilean scientist.Bunster studied Sciences at the University of Chile (1969), Santiago and received his Ph.D in Physics from Princeton University, U.S. in 1973. Claudio_Bunster | |
| Grey-headed Canary-flycatcher The Grey-headed Canary-flycatcher, Culicicapa ceylonensis, is a small passerine bird. Formerly considered part of the "Old World flycatcher" assemblage and placed in the family Muscicapidae, it is now considered part of the Stenostiridae. These are "flycatchers" closely related to titmice and chickadees (Paridae)uni köln Grey-headed_Canary-flycatcher | |
| Cuatro Ciénegas Cuatro Ciénegas is a city in the northern Mexican state of Coahuila. It stands at Cuatro_Ciénegas | |
| Stephen Altschul For the former MTV news/current CBS news correspondent, see Serena Altschul.Stephen Frank Altschul (born February 28, 1957) is an American mathematician who has designed algorithms that are widely used in the field of bioinformatics (the Karlin-Altschul algorithm). Stephen_Altschul | |
| Endothelium-derived relaxing factor Endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) is produced and released by the endothelium that results in smooth muscle relaxation. The most well characterized is nitric oxide (NO), and some older sources consider the two terms to be equivalent.It is released in response to a variety of chemical and physical stimuli. Endothelium-derived_relaxing_factor | |
| Human A human is a member of a species of bipedal primates in the family Hominidae (taxonomically —Latin:DNA and fossil evidence indicates that modern humans originated in east Africa about 200,000 years ago. When compared to other animals and primates, humans have a highly developed brain, capable of abstract reasoning, language, introspection and problem solving. Human | |
| Schwinger's variational principle Schwinger's variational approach to quantum field theory, introduced by Julian Schwinger, the quantum action is an operator. Although this approach functional integral Suppose we have two states defined by the values of a complete set of commuting operators at two times. Let the early and late states be Schwinger's variational principle is, Schwinger's_variational_principle | |
| Alexander horned sphere The Alexander horned sphere is one of the most famous pathological examples in mathematics discovered in 1924 by J. W. Alexander. It is the particular embedding of a sphere in 3-dimensional Euclidean space obtained by the following construction, starting with a standard torus Remove a radial slice of the torus. Alexander_horned_sphere | |
| Prochlorococcus Prochlorococcus is a genus of very small (0.6µm) marine cyanobacteria with an unusual pigmentation (chlorophyll b) belonging to photosynthetic picoplankton. It is probably the most abundant photosynthetic organism on Earth. Prochlorococcus | |
| Clovis culture Clovis culture (sometimes referred to as the Llano culture) is a prehistoric Paleoindian culture that first appears in the archaeological record of North America around 11,500 rcbp radiocarbon years ago, at the end of the last glacial period. Archaeologists' best guess at present suggests this is equal to roughly 13,000 calendar years ago. Clovis_culture | |
| Fuglede's theorem Fuglede's_theorem | |
| List of important publications in mathematics List_of_important_publications_in_mathematics | |
| African archaeology The continent of Africa has the longest record of human activity of any part of the world and along with its geographical extent, it contains an enormous archaeological resource. Scholars have studied Egyptology for centuries but archaeologists have only paid serious attention to the rest of the continent in more recent times. African_archaeology | |
| Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis -(PAP) is a rare lung disease in which abnormal accumulation of surfactant occurs within the alveoli, interfering with gas exchange. PAP can occur in a primary form or secondarily in the settings of malignancy (especially in myeloid leukemia), pulmonary infection, or environmental exposure to dusts or chemicals. Rare familial forms have also been recognized, suggesting a genetic component in some cases. Pulmonary_alveolar_proteinosis | |
| Charles Nicolle Charles Jules Henry Nicolle (September 21, 1866 Rouen - February 28, 1936) was a French bacteriologist who received the Nobel Prize in Medicine for his identification of lice as the transmitter of epidemic typhus. Charles_Nicolle | |
| Self-organized criticality physics, self-organized criticality (SOC) is a property of (classes of) dynamical systems which have a critical point as an attractor. Their macroscopic behaviour thus displays the spatial and/or temporal scale-invariance characteristic of the critical point of a phase transition, but without the need to tune control parameters to precise values.The concept was put forward by Per Bak, Chao Tang and Kurt Wiesenfeld ("BTW") in a paper published in 1987 in Physical Review Letters, and is considered to be one of the mechanisms by which complexity arises in nature. Self-organized_criticality | |
| Bipedalism Talk:Bipedalism | |
| Nuclear program of Iran The nuclear program of Iran was launched in the 1950s with the help of the United States as part of the Atoms for Peace program. The support, encouragement and participation of the United States and Western European governments in Iran's nuclear program continued until the 1979 Islamic revolution that toppled the Shah of Iran.After the Iranian Revolution in 1979, the Iranian government temporarily disbanded elements of the program, and then revived it with less Western assistance than during the pre-revolution era. Nuclear_program_of_Iran | |
| Clonazepam Clonazepam is a benzodiazepine derivative with highly potent anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant, and anxiolytic properties. It is marketed by Roche under the trade-names Klonopin in the United States, Ravotril in Chile and Rivotril throughout the large majority of the rest of the world. Clonazepam is a chlorinated derivative of nitrazepam and a nitrobenzodiazepine like nitrazepam. Clonazepam is the second most abused benzodiazepine in the USA. Clonazepam | |
| GABA receptor GABA receptors are a class of receptors that respond to the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate central nervous system. There are two classes of GABA receptorsGABAA and GABAB.GABAA receptors are ligand-gated ion channels (also known as ionotropic receptors), whereas GABAB receptors are G protein-coupled receptors (also known as metabotropic receptors). GABA_receptor | |
| Neurogenesis Neurogenesis (birth of neurons) is the process by which neurons are created. Most active during pre-natal development, neurogenesis is responsible for populating the growing brain. Neurogenesis | |
| Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor | |
| Pyridostigmine Pyridostigmine is a parasympathomimetic and a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor. Since it is a quaternary amine, it is poorly absorbed in the gut and doesn't cross the blood-brain barrier, except possibly in stressful conditions. Pyridostigmine | |
| Buridan's ass Buridan's ass is a figurative description of a man of indecision. It refers to a paradoxical situation wherein an ass, placed exactly in the middle between two stacks of hay of equal size and quality, will starve to death since it cannot make any rational decision to start eating one rather than the other. The paradox is named after the 14th century French philosopher Jean Buridan. Buridan's_ass | |
| Myostatin Myostatin (formerly known as growth differentiation factor 8) is a growth factor that limits muscle tissue growth, i.e. higher concentrations of myostatin in the body may cause the individual to have less developed muscles. protein is produced primarily in skeletal muscle cells, circulates in the blood and lymph and acts on muscle tissue, apparently by slowing down the development of muscle stem cells. The precise mechanism remains unknown. Myostatin | |
| Marshall Warren Nirenberg Marshall Warren Nirenberg (born April 10, 1927) is a U.S. biochemist and geneticist. He shared a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1968 with Har Gobind Khorana and Robert W. Holley for describing the genetic code and how it operates in protein synthesis. In the same year, together with Har Gobind Khorana, he was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University. Marshall_Warren_Nirenberg |
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